Suresh C. Sikka, Ph.D., HCLD

Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

Received 05/30/96; Accepted 07/02/96; On-line 08/01/96

1. M. Hull, C. Glazener, N. Kelly, D. Conway, P. Foster, R. Hunton, C. Coulson, P. Lambert, E. Watt, & K. Desai: Population study of causes, treatment and outcome of infertility. Br Med J 291, 1693-7 (1985)

2. WHO laboratory manual for the examination of human semen and sperm-cervical mucus interaction. Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, 3rd Edition (1992)

3. M. Sigman, L. Lipshultz, & S. Howards: Evaluation of the subfertile male. In: Infertility in the male. Eds: Lipshultz LA, Howards SS: Chuchill Livingstone, NY (1991)

4. N. Bar-Chama, D. Lamb. Evaluation of sperm function. What is available in the modern andrology laboratory? Urologic Clinics of North Am. 21, 433-46 (1994)

5. S.C. Sikka, M. Rajasekaran, & W. J. Hellstrom: Role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in male infertility. J Androl 16, 464-8 (1995)

6. D. A. Joyce: Oxygen radicals in disease. Adverse Drug Reaction Bull 127, 476-9 (1987)

7. W. Koppenol, J. Moreno, W. Pryor, H. Ischiropoulos & J.S. Beckman: Peroxynitrite, a cloaked oxidant formed by nitric oxide and superoxide. Chemical Res in Toxicol 5, 834-42 (1992)

8. C. Gagnon, A. Iwasaki, E. de Lamirande, N. Kovalski: Reactive oxygen species and human spermatozoa. Ann N Y Acad Sci 637, 436-44 (1991)

9. R. J. Aitken, J.S. Clarkson: Cellular basis of defective sperm function and its association with the genesis of reactive oxygen species by human spermatozoa. J Reprod Fertil 81, 459-69 (1987)

10. R.J. Aitken, D. Buckingham, K. West, F.C. Wu, K. Zikopoulos, & D.W. Richardson: Differential contribution of leukocytes and spermatozoa to the generation of reactive oxygen species in the ejaculates of oligozoospermic patients and fertile donors. J Reprod Fertil 94, 451-62 (1992)

11. H. Wolff, & D.J. Anderson: Immunohistologic characterization and quantitation of leucocyte subpopulations in human semen. Fertil Steril 49, 497-504 (1988)

12. E. Kessopoulou, M. J. Tomlinson, C.L. Barratt, A. E. Bolton, & I. D. Cooke: Origin of reactive oxygen species in human semen: spermatozoa or leucocytes? J Reprod Fertil 94, 463-70 (1992)

13. C. Krausz, C. Mills, S. Rogers, S.L.Tan, R.J.Aitken: Stimulation of oxidant generation by human sperm suspensions using phorbol esters and formyl peptides:relationships with motility and fertilization in vitro. Fertil Steril 62, 599-605 (1994)

14. A. Iwasaki, & C. Gagnon: Formation of reactive oxygen species in spermatozoa of infertile patients. Fertil Steril 57, 409-416 (1992)

15. R. J. Aitken, K. M. West, D.W. Buckingham: Leoukocyte infiltration into the human ejaculate and its association with semen quality, oxidative stress, and sperm function. J Androl 15, 343- 352 (1994)

16. M. Rajasekaran, W.J. Hellstrom, R.K. Naz, & S.C. Sikka: Oxidative stress and interleukins in seminal plasma during leukocytospermia. Fertil Steril 64, 166-171 (1995)

17. M. Rajasekaran, W.J. Hellstrom, & S.C. Sikka: Quantitative assessment of cytokines (GRO-alpha and IL-10) in human seminal plasma during genitourinary inflammation. Am J Reprod Immun.36, in press (1996)

18. J.G. Alvarez, J.C. Touchstone, L. Blasco, & B.T. Storey: Spontaneous lipid peroxidation and production of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide in human spermatozoa. Superoxide dismutase as major enzyme protectant against oxygen toxicity. J Androl 8, 338-348 (1987)

19. D.S. Irvine: Glutathione as a treatment for male infertility. Reviews of Reprod 1, 6-12 (1996)

20. V. Darley-Usmar, H. Wiseman, & Halliwell: Nitric oxide and oxygen radicals: a question of balance. FEBS Letters 369, 131-135 (1995)

21. M. Rosselli, R.K. Dubey, B. Imthurn, E. Macas, & P.J. Keller: Effects of nitric oxide on human spermatozoa: evidence that nitric oxide decreases sperm motility and induces sperm toxicity. Human Reprod 10, 1786-1790 (1995)

22. W.J.G. Hellstrom, M. Bell, R. Wang, & S.C. Sikka: Effect of sodium nitroprusside on sperm motility, viability, and lipid peroxidation. Fertil Steril 61, 1117-1122 (1994)

23. J.B. Hibbs Jr, Z. Vavrin & RR. Taintor: L-arginine is required for the expression of the activated macrophage effector mechanism causing selective metabolic inhibition in target cells. J Immunol 138, 550-65 (1987)

24. J.S. Beckman,T.W. Beckman, & J. Chen: Apparent hydroxyl radical production by peroxynitrite: implications for endothelial injury from nitric oxide and superoxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87,1620-1624 (1990)

25. E. de Lamirande, & C. Gagnon: Reactive oxygen species and human spermatozoa. I. Effects on the motility of intact spermatozoa and on sperm axonemes; and II. Depletion of adenosine triphosphate plays an important role in the inhibition of sperm motility. J Androl 13, 368-386 (1992)

26. L. Ernster: Lipid peroxidation in biological membranes: mechanisms and implications. In: Active oxygen, lipid peroxides and antioxidants. Ed: Yagi K, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1-38 (1993)

27. D.B. Taourel, M.C. Guerin, & J. Torreilles. Is melonaldehyde a valuable indicator of lipid peroxidation? Biochem Pharmacol 44, 985-88 (1992).

28. A. Lenzi, M. Picardo, L. Gandini, F. Lombardo, O. Terminali, S. Passi, & F. Dondero: Glutathione treatment of dyspermia: effect on the lipoperoxidation process. Hum Reprod 9, 2044-2050 (1994)

29. J.M. Cummins, A.M. Jequier, & K. Raymond: Molecular biology of human male infertility: links with aging, mitochondrial genetics, and oxidative stress? Mol Rep and Dev 37, 345-362 (1994)

30. R.J. Aitken, M. Paterson, H. Fisher, D.W. Buckingham, & M. van Duin: Redox regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation in human spermatozoa and its role in the control of human sperm function. J Cell Sci 108, 2017-2025 (1995)

31. H.I. Calvin, G.W. Cooper & E.W. Wallace: Evidence that selenium in rat sperm is associated with a cysteinre-rich structural proteins of the mitochondrial capsule. Gamete Res.4, 139- 145 (1981)

32. S.C. Sikka, W.J.G. Hellstrom, & R.K. Naz: Pentoxifylline: Role in management of male infertility/mechanisms of action. Mol Androl 5, 220-231 (1993).

33. J. Derrick Jr, & B. Dahlberg: Male genital infections and sperm viability. In:Human semen and fertility regulation in men. Ed:Hafez ESE, CV Mosby Co., NY 389-397 (1976)

34. W.J.G. Hellstrom, & D.E. Neal Jr.: Diagnosis and therapy of male genital tract infections. In: Infertlity and Reproductive Medicine Clinics of North America. Eds: Diamond MP, DeCherney, Overstreet JW. WB Saunders Co., PA 399-411 (1992)

35. V. Nikkanen, M. Gronroos, & J. Suominen: Silent infections in male accessory genital organs and male infertility. Andrologia 11, 236-241 (1979)

36. L. Johnsosn: Evaluation of the human testis and its age-related dysfunction. Prog Clin Biol Res 302, 35-67 (1989)

37. B. Rao, J.C. Soufir, M. Martin, & G. David: Lipid peroxidation in human spermatozoa as related to midpiece abnormalities and motility. Gamete Res 24,127-134 (1989)

38. G. Huszar, & L. Vigue: Correlation between the rate of lipid peroxidation and cellular maturity as measured by creatine kinase activity in human spermatozoa. J Androl 15, 71-77 (1994)

39. J.B. Kerr: Functional cytology of the human testis. Baillieres Clin Endocrin Metab 6, 235- 250 (1992)

40. W. Reichel: Lipofuscin pigment accumulation and distribution in various organisms as a function of age. J Gerontol 23,145-153 (1968)

41. M. Rajasekaran, W.J. Hellstrom, R.L. Sparks, & S.C. Sikka: Sperm damaging effects of electric current: possible role of free radicals. Reprod Toxicol 8, 27-432 (1994)