CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (CRH) IN NORMAL AND PREGNANT UTERUS: PHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

REFERENCES
1. Vale W, Spiess J, Rivier C, Rivier J. Characterization of a 41-residue ovine hypothalamic peptide that stimulates secretion of corticotropin and ß-endorphin. Science 1981;213:1394-7
2. Vale W, Rivier C, Brown MR, Spiess J, Koob G, Swanson A. Chemical and biological characterization of corticotropin-releasing factor. Recent Prog Horm Res 1983;39:245-67
3. Antoni FA. Hypothalamic control of adrenocorticotropin secretion: advances since the discovery of 41-residue Corticotropin-releasing factor. Endocr Rev 1986;7:351-362
4. Orth D. Corticotropin-releasing hormone in humans. Endocr Rev 1992;13:164-191
5. Usui T, Nakai Y, Tsukada T, Jingami H, Takahashi H, Fucada J. Expression of Adrenocorticotropin-releasing hormone precursor gene in placenta and other nonhypothalamic tissues in man. Mol Endocrinol 1988;2:871-875
6. Suda T, Tomori N, Tozawa F, Mouri T, Demoura H, Shizume K. Distribution and characterization of immunoreactive Corticotropin-releasing factor in human tissues. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984;59:861-868
7. Petrusz P, Merghenthaler I, Maderdrut L, Vigh S, Schally A. Corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in the vertebrate endocrine pancreas. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1983;80:1721-1725
8. Petrusz P, Merghenthaler I, Ordronneau P, Maderdrut L, Vigh S, Schally A. Corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in the gastro-entero-pancreatic endocrine system. Peptides 1984;5:71-72
9. Dammrich J, Ormanns W, Kahaly G, Schrezenmeir J. Multiple peptide hormone producing adenocarcinoma of lung with neurotensinand CRF-like immunoreactivity. Pathol Res Pract 1988;183:670-4
10. Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB. Physiology and pharmacology of Corticotropin- releasing factor. Pharmacol Rev 1991;43:425-73
11. Karalis K, Sano H, Redwine J, Listwark S, Wilder R, Chrousos G. Autocrine or paracrine inflammatory actions of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone in vivo. Science 1991;254:421-423
12. Suda T, Tomori N, Yajima F, Sumitomo T, Nakagami Y, Ushiyama T, Demura H, Shizume K. Immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing factor in human plasma. J Clin Invest 1985;76:2026-9
13. Jeske W, Soszynski P, Rogozinski W, Lukaszewicz E, Latoszewska W, Snochowska H. Plasma GHRH, CRH, ACTH, beta-endorphin, human placental lactogen, GH andcortisol concentrations at the third trimester of pregnancy. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1989;120:785-9
14. Nishimura E, Billestrup N, Perrin M, Vale W. Identification and characterization of a pituitary corticotropin-releasing factor binding protein by chemical cross-linking. J Biol Chem 1987;262:12893-6
15. Orth DN, Mount CD. Specific high-affinity binding protein for human corticotropin-releasing hormone in normal human plasma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987;143:411-7
16. Potter E, Behan DP, Fischer WH, Linton EA, Lowry PJ, Vale WW. Cloning and characterization of the cDNAs for human and rat corticotropin releasing factor-binding proteins. Nature 1991;349:423-6
17. Hillhouse EW, Grammatopoulos D, Milton NG, Quartero HW. The identification of a human myometrial corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor that increases in affinity during pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;76:736-41
18. Smets G, Van-Gompel J, Meyer C, Abs R, de-Menten Y, Kloppel G. Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors on human pituitary cells: autoradiography at the light microscopical level, quantification and immunocytochemistry. Prog Histochem Cytochem 1992;26:107-9
19. Polymeropoulos MH, Torres R, Yanovski JA, Chandrasekharappa SC, Ledbetter DH. The human Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor (CRHR) gene maps to chromosome 17q12-q22. Genomics 1995;28:123-4
20. Xiong Y, Xie LY, Abou-Samra AB. Signaling properties of mouse and human corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors: decreased coupling efficiency of human type II CRF receptor. Endocrinology 1995 ;136:1828-34
21. Perrin M, Donaldson C, Chen R, Blount A, Berggren T, Bilezikjian L, Sawchenko P, Vale W. Identification of a second corticotropin-releasing factor receptor gene and characterization of a cDNA expressed in heart. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1995;92:2969-73
22. Kishimoto T, Pearse RV 2nd, Lin CR, Rosenfeld MG. A sauvagine/corticotropin-releasing factor receptor expressed in heart and skeletal muscle. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1995;92:1108-12
23. Lovenberg TW, Liaw CW, Grigoriadis DE, Clevenger W, Chalmers DT, De Souza EB, Oltersdorf T. Cloning and characterization of a functionally distinct corticotropin-releasing factor receptor subtype from rat brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995;92:836-40
24. Grigoriadis DE, Heroux JA, De Souza EB. Characterization and regulation of corticotropin-releasing factor receptors in the central nervous, endocrine and immune systems. Ciba Found Symp 1993;172:85-101
25. Chang CP, Pearse RV 2d, O'Connell S, Rosenfeld MG. Identification of a seven transmembrane helix receptor for corticotropin-releasing factor and sauvagine in mammalian brain. Neuron 1993;11:1187-95
26. Chen R, Lewis KA, Perrin MH, Vale WW. Expression cloning of a human corticotropin-releasing-factor receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993;90:8967-71
27. Yoon DJ, Sklar C, David R. Presence of immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing factor in rat testis. Endocrinology 1988;122:759-61
28. Audhya T, Hollander CS, Schlesinger DH, Hutchinson B. Structural characterization and localization of corticotropin-releasing factor in testis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1989;995:10-6
29. Fabbri A, Tinajero JC, Dufau ML. Corticotropin-releasing factor is produced by rat Leydig cells and has a major local antireproductive role in the testis. Endocrinology 1990;127:1541-3
30. Dufau ML, Tinajero JC, Fabbri A. Corticotropin-releasing factor: an antireproductive hormone of the testis. FASEB J 1993;7:299-307
31. Huang BM, Stocco DM, Hutson JC, Norman RL. Corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulates steroidogenesis in mouse Leydig cells. Biol Reprod 1995;53:620-626
32. Mastorakos G, Webster E, Friedman T, Chrousos G. Immunoreactive Corticotropin-releasing hormone and its binding in the rat ovaries. J Clin Invest 1993;92:961-968
33. Mastorakos G, Scopa C, Vryonidou A, Friedman T, Kattis D, Phenekos C, Merino M, Chrousos G. Presence of immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing hormone in normal and polycystic human ovaries. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79:1191-1197
34. Grino M, Chrousos G, Margioris A. The Corticotropin-releasing hormone gene is expressed in human placenta. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Com. 1987;148:1208-1214
35. Margioris AN. Corticotropin releasing hormone and the placenta and fetal membranes. In: Molecular aspects of placental and fetal membrane autacoids, Brennecke S and Rice G (eds), CRC Press (publs) 1993;12:277-301
36. Linton EA, Perkins AV, Woods RJ, Eben F, Wolfe CD, Behan DP, Potter E, Vale WW, Lowry-PJ. Corticotropin releasing hormone-binding protein (CRH-BP): plasma levels decrease during the third trimester of normal human pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;76:260-2
37. Campbell EA, Linton EA, Wolfe CD, Scraggs PR, Jones MT, Lowry PJ. Plasma corticotropin-releasing hormone concentrations during pregnancy and parturition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987;64:1054-9
38. Frim D, Emanuel R, Robinson B, Smas C, Adler G, Majzoub J. Characterization and gestational regulation of Corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA in human placenta. J Clin Invest 1988;82:287-292
39. Petraglia F, Sawchenko PE, Rivier J, Vale W. Evidence for local stimulation of ACTH secretion by corticotropin-releasing factor in human placenta. Nature 1987;328:717-719
40. Margioris AN, Grino M, Protos P, Gold P, Chrousos G. Corticotropin-releasing hormone and Oxytocin stimulate the release of placental proopiomelanocortin peptides. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988;66:922-926
41. Robinson B, Emanuel R, Frim D, Majzoub J. Glucocorticoid stimulates expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone gene in human placenta. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1988;85:5244-5248
42. Petraglia F, Potter E, Cameron VA, Sutton S, Behan DP, Woods RJ, Sawchenko PE, Lowry PJ, Vale W. Corticotropin-releasing factor-binding protein is produced by human placenta and intrauterine tissues. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;77:919-24
43. Coukos G, Monzani A, Saletti C, Petraglia F. [Noradrenaline and interleukin-1 stimulate CRF secretion from human placental cells in culture]. Medicina (Firenze) 1988;8:441-2
44. Margioris AN, Grino M, Rabin D, Chrousos GP. Human placenta and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Adv Exp Med Biol 1988;245:389-98
45. Riley SC, Challis JR. Corticotrophin-releasing hormone production by the placenta and fetal membranes. Placenta 1991;12:105-19
46. Quartero HW, Fry CH. Placental corticotrophin releasing factor may modulate human parturition. Placenta 1989;10:439-43
47. Sasaki A, Tempst P, Liotta AS, Margioris AN, Hood LE, Kent SB, Sato S, Shinkawa O, Yoshinaga K, Krieger DT. Isolation and characterization of a corticotropin-releasing hormone-like peptide from human placenta. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988;67:768-73
48. Petraglia F, Tabanelli S, Galassi C, Garuti GC, Mancini A, Genazzani A, Gurpide E. Human decidua and in vitro decidualized endometrial stromal cells at term contain immunoreactive CRF and CRF mRNA. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992;74:1427-1431
49. Makrigiannakis A, Zoumakis E, Margioris AN, Theodoropoulos P, Stournaras C, Gravanis A. The corticotropin-Releasing Hormone in normal and tumoral epithelial cells of human endometrium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995;80:185-189
50. Makrigiannakis A, Margioris AN, LeGoascogne C, Zoumakis E, Nikas G, Stournaras C, Psychoyos A, Gravanis A. Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) is expressed at the implantation sites of early pregnant rat uterus. Life Sci 1995;57:1869-75
51. Makrigiannakis A, Zoumakis E, Margioris AN, Stournaras C, Chrousos GP, Gravanis A. Estrogen and glucocorticoids repress the activity of the 5'-flanking region of human corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) gene in transiently transfected Ishikawa human endometrial cells. 1995 Abstract in 76th Endocrine Meeting, Washington, MD
52. Makrigiannakis A, Margioris A, Markogiannakis E, Stournaras C, Gravanis A. Steroid hormones regulate the release of immunoreactive ß-endorphin from the Ishikawa human endometrial cell line. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992;75:584-589.
53. Gravanis A, Makrigiannakis A, Stournaras C, Margioris AN. Interaction between steroid hormones and endometrial opioids. Ann NY Acad Sci 1994;734:245-256
54. Weitlauf HM. The physiology of reproduction. E. Knobil, J. Neil, eds. New York:Raven Press. 1988:231- 262
55. Tabibzadeh S. Cytokine regulation of human endometrial function. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1991;622:89-98
56. Ininns E, Gatanaga M, Cappuccini F, Dett C, Yamamoto R, Granger G, Gatanaga T. Growth of the endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line AN3 CA is modulated by tumor necrosis factor and its receptor is up-regulated by estrogen in vitro. Endocrinology 1992;130:1852-1856
57. Simon C, Frances A, Piquette G, Danasouri I, Zurawski G, Dang W, Polan M. Embryonic implantation in mice is blocked by interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Endocrinology 1992;134:521-529
58. Sheth KV, Roca GL, Al-Sedairy S, Parhar R, Hamilton G, Al-Abdul Jabbar F. Prediction of successful embryo implantation by measuring interleukin-1-alpha and immunosuppressive factor(s) in preimplantation. Fertil Steril 1991;55:952-957
59. Sapolsky R, Rivier C, Yamamoto G, Plotsky P, Vale W. Interleukin-1 stimulates the secretion of hypothalamic Corticotropin-releasing factor. Science 1987;238:522-524
60. Petraglia F, Garutti GC, Deramundo B, Angioni S, Genazzani A, Bilezikjian M. Mechanisms of action of interleukin-1 in increasing CRF and ACTH from cultured human placental cells. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;163:1307-12
61. Hill JA. Cytokines considered critical in pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol. 1982;28:123-126
62. Antonakis N, Georgoulias V, Margioris A, Stournaras, Gravanis A. In vitro differential effects of the antiglucocorticoid RU 486 on the release of lymphokines from normal human lymphocytes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1994;51:67-72
63. Rogers PA. Early endometrial microvascular response during implantation in the rat. Reprod Fertil Dev. 1992;4: 261-264
64. Quartero HW, Srivatsa G, Gillham B. Role of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in the synergistic interaction between oxytocin and CRH in isolated human myometrium. Clin Endocrinol. 1992;36:141-145
65. Olson G, Olson R, Kastin A. Endogenous opiates. Peptides 1989;10:1253-1280