Burton M. Altura^1,2,3, Asefa Gebrewold¹, Bella T. Altura^1,3, And Raj K. Gupta⁴

Departments of Physiology¹ and Medicine², and The Center for Cardiovascular and Muscle Research³, State University of New York, Health Science Center at Brooklyn, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11203 and Department of Physiology and Biophysics⁴, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461

Received 4/2/97; Accepted 5/5/97; On-line 5/15/97

6. REFERENCES

1. Capella JA, JM Carbezudo-Artero & J Forteza-Rei: Complications of cocaine abuse. Ann Intern Med, 107:940, (1987).

2. Klonoff DC, BT Andrews & WG Obana: Stroke associated with cocaine use. Arch Neurol, 46:989-992, (1986).

3. Levine SR, JCM Brust, N Futrell, LM Brass, D Blake, P Fayad, LR Schultz, CH Millikan, KL Ho & KMA Welch: A comparative study of the cerebrovascular complications of cocaine: Alkaloidal versus hydrochloride - a review. Neurology 41:1173-1177, (1991).

4. Altura BM & RK Gupta: Cocaine induces intracellular free Mg deficits, ischemia and stroke as observed by in-vivo ³¹P-NMR of the brain. Biochim Biophys Acta 1111:271-274, (1992).

5. He GQ, A Zhang, BT Altura & BM Altura: Cocaine-induced cerebral arterial vasospasm: possible relation to stroke and death. FASEB J, 6:A986, (1992).

6. Huang QF, A Gebrewold, BM Altura: Cocaine-induced cerebral vascular damage can be ameliorated by Mg²⁺ in rat brain. Neurosci Lett, 109:113-116, (1990).

7. Altura BM, A Zhang, TP-O Cheng & BT Altura: Cocaine induces rapid loss of intracellular free Mg²⁺ in cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells. Eur J Pharmacol 246:299-301, (1993).

8. Zhang A, TP-O Cheng, BT Altura & BM Altura: Acute cocaine results in rapid rises in intracellular free calcium concentration in canine cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells: Possible relation to etiology of stroke. Neurosci Lett, 215:57-59, (1996).

9. Bourne PG. Acute Drug Abuse Emergencies. Academic Press, New York (1976).

10. Gupta RK & RD Moore: ³¹P-NMR studies of intracellular free Mg²⁺ in intact frog skeletal muscle. J Biol Chem, 255:3987-3993, (1980).

11. Altura BT, TL Shirey, CC Young, K Dell'Orfano, SM Handwerker & BM Altura: A new method for the rapid determination of ionized Mg²⁺ in whole blood, serum and plasma. Meth Find Exp Clin Pharmacol, 14:297-304, (1992).

12. Altura BM & BT Altura: Magnesium ions and contraction of vascular smooth muscles: Relationship to some vascular diseases. Federation Proc 40:2672-2679, (1981).

13. Turlapaty PDMV & BM Altura: Extracellular magnesium ions control calcium exchange and content of vascular smooth muscle. Eur J Pharmacol, 52:421-423, (1978).

14. Zhang A, TP-O Cheng & BM Altura: Magnesium regulates intracellular free ionized calcium concentration and cell geometry in vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1134:25-29, (1992).