Aimin Zhang¹, Bella T. Altura^2,3 and Burton M. Altura^1,2,3

Departments of ¹Physiology and ²Medicine, and ³The Center for Cardiovascular and Muscle Research, State University of New York, Health Science Center at Brooklyn, NY 11203

Received 5/15/97; Accepted 5/21/97; On-line 6/1/97

7. REFERENCES

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2. Altura B.T. & B.M. Altura: Endothelium-dependent relaxation in coronary arteries requires magnesium ions. Br J Pharmacol 91, 449-451 (1987).

3. Fullerton D.A., A.R. Hahn, J. Agrafojo, B.C. Sheridan & R.C. McIntyre Jr: Magnesium is essential in mechanisms of pulmonary vasomotor control. J Surg Res 63, 93-7 (1996).

4. Zhang A., T.P.O. Cheng, B.T. Altura & B.M. Altura: Mg²⁺ and caffeine-induced intracellular Ca²⁺ release in human vascular endothelail cells. Br J Pharmacol 109, 291-2 (1993).

5. Yamamoto Y., G. Chen, K. Miwa & H. Suzuki: Permeability and Mg²⁺ blockade of histamine-operated cation channel in endothelail cells of rat intrapulmonary artery. J Physiol 450, 395-408 (1992).

6. Delpiano M. & B.M. Altura: Modulatory effect of extracellular Mg²⁺ ions on K⁺ and Ca²⁺ currents of capillary endothelial cells from rat brain. FEBS Lett 394, 335-9 (1996).

7. Zhang, A., B.T. Altura & B.M. Altura: Endothelial-dependent sexual dimorphism in vascular smooth msucle: role of Mg²⁺ and Na⁺. Br J Pharmacol 105, 305-10 (1992).

8. Ibrahim B., J. Leveteau, A. Guiet-Bara & M. Bara: Influence of magnesium salts on the membrane potential of human endothelial placental vessel cells. Magnesium Res 8, 233-6 (1995).

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13. Zhang A., T.P-O. Cheng & B.M. Altura: Magnesium regulates intracellular free ionized calcium concentration and cell geometry in vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1134, 25-29 (1992).

14. Altura B.M. & B.T. Altura: Magnesium and cardiovascular biology: An important link between cardiovascular risk factors and atherogenesis. Cell Molecular Biol Res 41, 347-59 (1995).

15. Altura B.M. & B.T. Altura: Magnesium as an extracellular signal in cardiovascular pathobiology: J Jap Soc Magnes Res 15, 17-32 (1996).

16. Zhang A., T.P-O. Cheng, X.Y. Wu, B.T. Altura & B.M. Altura: Extracellular Mg²⁺ regulates intracellular Mg²⁺ and its subcellular compartmentation in fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Cell Molecular Life Sci 53, 69-72 (1997).

17. Strata P. & E. Carbone (eds): Mg²⁺ and Excitable Membranes. Springer-Verlag, New York (1992).

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19. Altura B.M. & B.T. Altura: Magnesium in cardiovascular biology. Scient Am Sci and Med 2(3), 28-37 (1995).

20. Zhang A., T.P-O. Cheng, B.T. Altura & B.M. Altura: Extracellular magnesium regulates intracellular free Mg²⁺ in vascular smooth muscle cells. Pfluger Archiv 421, 391-93 (1992).

21. Altura B.T., T. Shirey, C.C. Young, J. Hiti, K. Dell'Orfano, S.M. Handwerker & B.M. Altura. A new method for the rapid determination of ionized Mg²⁺ in whole blood, serum and plasma. Methods Findings. Exp Clin Pharmacol 14, 297-304 (1992).

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26. Dai L.J. & G.A. Quamme: Cyclic nucleotides alter intracellular free Mg²⁺ in renal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol 262, F1100-4 (1992).

27. Gupta R.K., P. Gupta & R.D. Moore: NMR studies of intracellular metal ions in intact cells & tissues. Ann Rev Biophys Bioeng 13, 221-46 (1984).

28. Altura B.M., A. Zhang & B.T. Altura: Magnesium, hypertensive vascular diseases, atherogenesis, subcellular compartmentation of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ and vascular contractility. Mineral Electrolyte Metab 19, 323-36 (1993).

29. Altura B.M. & R.K. Gupta: Cocaine induces intracellular free Mg deficits, ischemia and stroke as observed by in-vivo ³¹P-NMR of the brain. Biochim Biophys Acta Bio Membr 1111, 271-4 (1992).

30. Altura B.M., R.L. Barbour, T.L. Dowd, F. Wu, B.T. Altura & R.K. Gupta: Low extracellular magnesium induces intracellular free Mg deficits, ischemia, depletion of high-energy phosphates and cardiac failure in intact working hearts: ³¹P-NMR study. Biochim Biophys Acta 1181, 328-32 (1993).

31. Hurley T.W., M.P. Ryan & R.W. Brinck: Changes of cytosolic Ca²⁺ interfere with measurements of cytosolic Mg²⁺ using mag-fura-2. Am J Physiol 263, C300-7 (1992).

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34. Lennard R. & J. Singh: Effects of secretagogues on intracellular free calcium and magnesium concentrations in rat pancreatic acinar cells. Gen Pharmacol 23, 903-8 (1992).

35. Barbour R.L., B.M. Altura, S.D. Reiner, T.L. Dowd, P.K. Gupta, F. Wu & B.T. Altura: Influence of Mg²⁺ on cardiac performance, intracellular free Mg²⁺ and pH in perfused hearts as assessed with ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Magnesium Trace Elem 10, 99-16 (1992).

36. Altura B.M. & B.T. Altura: Role of magnesium in contractility of blood vessels and skeletal muscles. Magnesium Bull 3, 102-14 (1981).

37. Flatman P.W.: Magnesium transport across cell membranes. J Membr Biol 80, 1-14 (1984).

38. Altura, B.M., A. Gebrewold, A. Zhang, B.T. Altura & R.K. Gupta: Short-term reduction in dietary intake of magnesium causes deficits in brain intracellular free Mg²⁺ and (H⁺)_i but not high-energy phosphates as observed by in-vivo ³¹P-NMR. Biochim Biophys Acta, in press (1997).

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41. Zhang A., T.P.O. Cheng, B.T. Altura & B.M. Altura: Heterogeneous distribution of intracellular Mg²⁺ [Mg²⁺]_i and its regulation by effects of extracellular Mg²⁺ [Mg²⁺]_o in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). FASEB J 7, A525 (Abstr) (1993).

42. Altura B.M., B.T. Altura & R.K. Gupta: Alcohol intoxication results in rapid loss in free magnesium in brain and disturbances in brain bioenergetics: Relation to cerebrovasospasm, alcohol-induced strokes, and barbiturate anesthesia-induced deaths. Magnes Trace Elem 10, 122-35 (1992).

43. Okada K., S. Ishikawa & T. Saito: Cellular mechanisms of vasopressin and endothelin to mobilize [Mg²⁺]_i in vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol 263, C873-78, (1992).

44. Altura B.M., A. Zhang, T.P-O. Cheng & B.T. Altura: Cocaine induces rapid loss of intracellular free Mg²⁺ in cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells. Eur J Pharmacol 246, 299-301 (1993).

45. Altura B.M., A. Zhang, T.P-O. Cheng & B.T. Altura: Ethanol promotes rapid depletion of intracellular free Mg in cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells: Possible relation to alcohol-induced behaviorial and stroke-like effects. Alcohol 10, 563-66 (1993).

46. Ishijima S., T. Sonoda & M. Tatibana: Mitogen-induced early increase in cytosolic free Mg²⁺ concentration in single Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. Am J Physiol 261, C1074-80 (1991).

47. Gilman A.G.: G protein: transducers of receptor-generated signals. Annu Rev Biochem 56, 615-49 (1987).

48. Altura B.M. & B.T. Altura: Role of magnesium in pathophysiological processes and the clinical ultility of magnesium ion selective electrodes. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 56(Suppl 224), 211-34 (1996).