[Frontiers in Bioscience, 3, a52-57, September 15, 1998]

	[Frontiers in Bioscience, 3, a52-57, September 15, 1998] Reprints PubMed CAVEAT LECTOR
	APOPTOSIS IN THE DEVELOPING CEREBELLUM OF THE THYROID HORMONE DEFICIENT RAT Qianxun Xiao and Vera M. Nikodem Mechanism of Gene Regulation Section, Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 10 Center Dr. MSC 1766, Bethesda, MD 20892-1766 Received 8/20/98 Accepted 9/7/98 7. REFERENCES 1. Oppenheim RW, Schwartz LM, Shatz CJ: Neuronal death. J Neurobiol 23: 1111-1351 (1992) 2. Raff MC, Barres BA, Burne JF, Coles HS, ishizaki Y, Jacobson MD: Programmed cell death and the control of cell survival: lessions from the nervous system. Science 262:695-700 (1993) 3. Johnson EM, Deckwerth TL : Molecular mechanism of developmental neuronal death. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 16: 31-46 (1993) 4. Raff MC: Social controls on cell survival and cell death. Nature (London) 356:397-400 (1992) 5. Rubin LL, Gatchalian CL, Rimon G, Brooks SF: The molecular mechanism of neuronal apoptosis Curr Opin Neurobiol 4:696-702 (1994) 6. Wyllie AH Glucocorticoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis is associated with endogenous endonuclease activation. Nature (London) 284:555-556 (1980) 7. Comella JX, Sanz-rodriguez C, Aldea M, Esquerda JE: Skeletal muscle-derived trophic factors prevent motoneurons from entering an active cell death program in vitro. J Neurosci 14:2674-2686 (1994) 8. Oppenheim RW, Prevette D, Tytell M, Homma S: Naturally occurring and induceed neuronal death in the chick embryo in vivo requires protein and RNA synthesis: Evidence for the role of cell death genes. Dev Biol 138:104-113 (1990) 9. Kranemburg O, Van Der Eb A, Zantema A: Cyclin D1 is an essential mediator of apoptotic neuronal cell death. EMBO J 15:46-54 (1996) 10. Oppenheim RW: Cell death during development of the nervous system. Annu Rev Neurosci 14:453-501 (1991) 11. Martin DP, Schmidt RE, DiStefano PS, Lowry OH, Carter JG, Johnson EM Jr: Inhibitor of protein synthesis and RNA synthesis prevent neuronal death caused by nerve growth factor deprivation. J Cell Biol 106: 829-844 (1988) 12. Brent GA: The molecular basis of thyroid hormone action. N Engl J Med 331:847-853 (1994) 13. Glass CK: Differential recognition of target genes by nuclear receptor monomers, dimers, and heterodimers. Endcr Rev 15:391-407 (1994) 14. Farsetti A, Desvergne B, Hallenbeck P, Robbins J, Nikodem V: Characterization of myelin basic protein thyroid hormone response element and its function in the context of native and heterologous promoter. J Biol Chem 267:15784-15788 (1992) 15. Zou L, Hagen SG, Strait KA, Oppenheimer JH : Identification of thyroid hormone response element in rodent Pcp-2, a developmentally regulated gene of cerebellar Purkinje cells. J Biol Chem 269:13346-13352 (1994) 16. Mellstrom B, pipaon C, Naranjo JR, Perez-Castillo A, Santos A : Differential effect of thyroid hormone on NGFI-A gene expression in developing rat brain. Endocrinology 135:583-588 (1994) 17. Xiao QX, Chen ZP, Ma T: The effect of hypothyroidism on rat neuron development. Chinese Journal of Endemiology 11 (suppl.):114-117 (1993) 18. Legrand J: Morphogenetic actions of the thyroid hormone. Trends Neurosci 2:234-236 (1979) 19. Legrand J: Thyroid hormone effects on growth and development, In: Thyroid Hormone Metabolism Ed: G. Hennemean 503-534 (1986) 20. Chen ZP, Xiao QX: The pathogenesis of endemic cretinism. Journal of IDD of Southern China 3 (1):43-52 (1992) 21. Altman J : Postnatal development of the cerebellar cortex in the rat. J Comp Neurol 145:353-398 (1972) 22. Dussaul, JH, Ruel J : Thyroid hormone and brain development. Annu Rev Physiol 49:321-334 (1987) 23. Munoz A, Rodriguez-pena A, Perez-Castillo A, Ferreiro B, Sutcliffe JG, Bernal J: Effect of neonatal hypothyroidism on rat brain gene expression. Mol Endocrinol 5:273-280 (1991) 24. Rodriguez-pena A, Ibarrola N, Iniguez MA, Munoz A, Bernal J: Neonatal hypothyroidism affects the timely expression of mylin-associated glycoprotein in the rat. J Clin Invest 9:812-817 (1993) 25. Xiao QX, Castillo SO, Nikodem VM: Distribution of messenger RNAs for the orphan nuclear receptors Nurr1 and Nur77 (NGFI-B) in adult rat brain by in situ hybridization. Neuroscience 75:221-230 (1996) 26. Gavrieli Y, Sherman Y, Ben SS: Identification of programmed cell death in situ via specific labeling of nuclear DNA fragmentation. J Cell Biol 119:493-501 (1992) 27. Neveu I and Arenas E: Neurotrophins promote the survival and development of neurons in the cerebellum of hypothyroid rat in vivo. J Cell Biol 133:631-646 (1996) 28. Levi-Montalcini R: The nerve growth factor 35 years later. Science 237:1154-1162 (1987) 29. Leibrock J, Lottspeich F, Hohn A, Hofer M, Hengerer B, Masiakowski P, Thoenn H, Barde YA: Molecular cloning and expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Nature 341:149-152 (1989) 30. Hohn A, Leibrock J, Bailey K, Barde YA: Identification and characterization of a novel member of the nerve grwoth factor/brain-derived neurotrophic factor family. Nature 344:339-341 (1990) 31. Ip NY, Ibanez CF, Nye SH, McClain J, Jones PF, Gies J, belluscio L, LeBeau MM, Espinosa R, Squinto SP Mammalian neurotrophin-4: structure, chromosomal localization tissue distribution, and receptor specificity. Proc Natl Acad. Sci USA 89: 3060-3064 (1992) 32. Lindholm D, Castren E, Tsoulfas P, kolbeck R, Berzaghi M, Leingartner A, Heisenberg C-P, Tesarollo L, Parada LF and Thoenen H : Neurotrophin-3 induced by tri-iodothyronine in the cerebellum granular cell promotes Purkinje cell differentiation. J Cell Biol 122:443-450 (1993) 33. Muller Y, Rocchi E, Lazaro JB, Clos J: Thyroid hormone promotes bcl-2 expression and prevents apoptosis of early differentiating cerebellar granule neurons. Int J Dev Neuroscience 13:871-885 (1995) 34. Altman J: Postnatal development of the cerebellar cortex in the rat. III. Maturation of the components of the granular layer. J Comp Neurol 145:399-464 (1972) 35. Lauder JM: Granule cell migration in developing rat cerebellum: influence of neonatal hypo-and hyperthyroidism. Dev Biol 70:105-115 (1979) 36. Lauder JM: Effects of early hypo-and hyperthyroidism on development of rat cerebellar cortex. IV. The parallel fibers. Brain Res 142:25-39 (1978) 37. Wood KA, Dipasquale B and Youle RJ: In situ labeling of granule cells for apoptosis-associated DNA fragmentation reveals different mechanism of ell loss in developing cerebellum Neuron 11:621-632. (1993) 38. Lewis PD, Patel AJ, Johnson AL, Balazs R: Effects of thyroid deficiency on cell acquisition in the postnatal rat brain: A quantitative histological study. Brain Res. 104: 49-62 (1976)

[Frontiers in Bioscience, 3, a52-57, September 15, 1998]
Reprints
PubMed
CAVEAT LECTOR

APOPTOSIS IN THE DEVELOPING CEREBELLUM OF THE THYROID HORMONE DEFICIENT RAT

Qianxun Xiao and Vera M. Nikodem

Mechanism of Gene Regulation Section, Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 10 Center Dr. MSC 1766, Bethesda, MD 20892-1766

Received 8/20/98 Accepted 9/7/98

7. REFERENCES

1. Oppenheim RW, Schwartz LM, Shatz CJ: Neuronal death. J Neurobiol 23: 1111-1351 (1992)

2. Raff MC, Barres BA, Burne JF, Coles HS, ishizaki Y, Jacobson MD: Programmed cell death and the control of cell survival: lessions from the nervous system. Science 262:695-700 (1993)

3. Johnson EM, Deckwerth TL : Molecular mechanism of developmental neuronal death. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 16: 31-46 (1993)

4. Raff MC: Social controls on cell survival and cell death. Nature (London) 356:397-400 (1992)

5. Rubin LL, Gatchalian CL, Rimon G, Brooks SF: The molecular mechanism of neuronal apoptosis Curr Opin Neurobiol 4:696-702 (1994)

6. Wyllie AH Glucocorticoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis is associated with endogenous endonuclease activation. Nature (London) 284:555-556 (1980)

7. Comella JX, Sanz-rodriguez C, Aldea M, Esquerda JE: Skeletal muscle-derived trophic factors prevent motoneurons from entering an active cell death program in vitro. J Neurosci 14:2674-2686 (1994)

8. Oppenheim RW, Prevette D, Tytell M, Homma S: Naturally occurring and induceed neuronal death in the chick embryo in vivo requires protein and RNA synthesis: Evidence for the role of cell death genes. Dev Biol 138:104-113 (1990)

9. Kranemburg O, Van Der Eb A, Zantema A: Cyclin D1 is an essential mediator of apoptotic neuronal cell death. EMBO J 15:46-54 (1996)

10. Oppenheim RW: Cell death during development of the nervous system. Annu Rev Neurosci 14:453-501 (1991)

11. Martin DP, Schmidt RE, DiStefano PS, Lowry OH, Carter JG, Johnson EM Jr: Inhibitor of protein synthesis and RNA synthesis prevent neuronal death caused by nerve growth factor deprivation. J Cell Biol 106: 829-844 (1988)

12. Brent GA: The molecular basis of thyroid hormone action. N Engl J Med 331:847-853 (1994)

13. Glass CK: Differential recognition of target genes by nuclear receptor monomers, dimers, and heterodimers. Endcr Rev 15:391-407 (1994)

14. Farsetti A, Desvergne B, Hallenbeck P, Robbins J, Nikodem V: Characterization of myelin basic protein thyroid hormone response element and its function in the context of native and heterologous promoter. J Biol Chem 267:15784-15788 (1992)

15. Zou L, Hagen SG, Strait KA, Oppenheimer JH : Identification of thyroid hormone response element in rodent Pcp-2, a developmentally regulated gene of cerebellar Purkinje cells. J Biol Chem 269:13346-13352 (1994)

16. Mellstrom B, pipaon C, Naranjo JR, Perez-Castillo A, Santos A : Differential effect of thyroid hormone on NGFI-A gene expression in developing rat brain. Endocrinology 135:583-588 (1994)

17. Xiao QX, Chen ZP, Ma T: The effect of hypothyroidism on rat neuron development. Chinese Journal of Endemiology 11 (suppl.):114-117 (1993)

18. Legrand J: Morphogenetic actions of the thyroid hormone. Trends Neurosci 2:234-236 (1979)

19. Legrand J: Thyroid hormone effects on growth and development, In: Thyroid Hormone Metabolism Ed: G. Hennemean 503-534 (1986)

20. Chen ZP, Xiao QX: The pathogenesis of endemic cretinism. Journal of IDD of Southern China 3 (1):43-52 (1992)

21. Altman J : Postnatal development of the cerebellar cortex in the rat. J Comp Neurol 145:353-398 (1972)

22. Dussaul, JH, Ruel J : Thyroid hormone and brain development. Annu Rev Physiol 49:321-334 (1987)

23. Munoz A, Rodriguez-pena A, Perez-Castillo A, Ferreiro B, Sutcliffe JG, Bernal J: Effect of neonatal hypothyroidism on rat brain gene expression. Mol Endocrinol 5:273-280 (1991)

24. Rodriguez-pena A, Ibarrola N, Iniguez MA, Munoz A, Bernal J: Neonatal hypothyroidism affects the timely expression of mylin-associated glycoprotein in the rat. J Clin Invest 9:812-817 (1993)

25. Xiao QX, Castillo SO, Nikodem VM: Distribution of messenger RNAs for the orphan nuclear receptors Nurr1 and Nur77 (NGFI-B) in adult rat brain by in situ hybridization. Neuroscience 75:221-230 (1996)

26. Gavrieli Y, Sherman Y, Ben SS: Identification of programmed cell death in situ via specific labeling of nuclear DNA fragmentation. J Cell Biol 119:493-501 (1992)

27. Neveu I and Arenas E: Neurotrophins promote the survival and development of neurons in the cerebellum of hypothyroid rat in vivo. J Cell Biol 133:631-646 (1996)

28. Levi-Montalcini R: The nerve growth factor 35 years later. Science 237:1154-1162 (1987)

29. Leibrock J, Lottspeich F, Hohn A, Hofer M, Hengerer B, Masiakowski P, Thoenn H, Barde YA: Molecular cloning and expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Nature 341:149-152 (1989)

30. Hohn A, Leibrock J, Bailey K, Barde YA: Identification and characterization of a novel member of the nerve grwoth factor/brain-derived neurotrophic factor family. Nature 344:339-341 (1990)

31. Ip NY, Ibanez CF, Nye SH, McClain J, Jones PF, Gies J, belluscio L, LeBeau MM, Espinosa R, Squinto SP Mammalian neurotrophin-4: structure, chromosomal localization tissue distribution, and receptor specificity. Proc Natl Acad. Sci USA 89: 3060-3064 (1992)

32. Lindholm D, Castren E, Tsoulfas P, kolbeck R, Berzaghi M, Leingartner A, Heisenberg C-P, Tesarollo L, Parada LF and Thoenen H : Neurotrophin-3 induced by tri-iodothyronine in the cerebellum granular cell promotes Purkinje cell differentiation. J Cell Biol 122:443-450 (1993)

33. Muller Y, Rocchi E, Lazaro JB, Clos J: Thyroid hormone promotes bcl-2 expression and prevents apoptosis of early differentiating cerebellar granule neurons. Int J Dev Neuroscience 13:871-885 (1995)

34. Altman J: Postnatal development of the cerebellar cortex in the rat. III. Maturation of the components of the granular layer. J Comp Neurol 145:399-464 (1972)

35. Lauder JM: Granule cell migration in developing rat cerebellum: influence of neonatal hypo-and hyperthyroidism. Dev Biol 70:105-115 (1979)

36. Lauder JM: Effects of early hypo-and hyperthyroidism on development of rat cerebellar cortex. IV. The parallel fibers. Brain Res 142:25-39 (1978)

37. Wood KA, Dipasquale B and Youle RJ: In situ labeling of granule cells for apoptosis-associated DNA fragmentation reveals different mechanism of ell loss in developing cerebellum Neuron 11:621-632. (1993)

38. Lewis PD, Patel AJ, Johnson AL, Balazs R: Effects of thyroid deficiency on cell acquisition in the postnatal rat brain: A quantitative histological study. Brain Res. 104: 49-62 (1976)