E. A. Thorndike and A. S. Turner

Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft.Collins ,CO 80523

Received 9/25/97 Accepted 4/10/98

10. REFERENCES

1. Newman, E., A.S. Turner & J.D. Wark: The potential of sheep for the study of osteopenia: current status and comparison with other animal models. Bone 16(4), 277S-84S (1995)

2. M.E. Adams & I.M. Billingham: Animal models of degenerative joint disease. In Bone and Joint Disease Ed: Berry C.L. New York Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg. 265-293 (1982)

3. Pritzker, K.P: Animal models for osteoarthritis processes, problems and prospects. Ann Rheumatic Dis 53,406-20 (1994)

4. Gordeski G.I: Impact of the menopause on the epidemiology and risk factors of coronary artery heart disease in women. Exp Gerontol 29, 357-375(1994)

5. Sulak, P.J: The perimenopause: a critical time in a woman’s life. Int J Fertil 41(2), 85-9 (1996)

6. Lobo, R.A: Treatment of the postmenopausal woman: where we are today. In: Treatment of the postmenopausal woman: basic and clinical aspects. Ed: Lobo, R.A, Raven Press, NY 427-433 (1994)

7. Sowers, M.R: Menopause: Its epidemiology and potential association with chronic diseases. Epidemiol Rev 2, 287-303 (1995)

8. Stamler, J., R. Pick & L.N.Katz: Inhibition of cholesterol-induced coronary atherogenesis in the egg-producing hen. Circulation 10, 251-254 (1954)

9. Linder V, J. Fingerle & M.A. Reidy: Mouse model of arterial injury. Circ Res 73, 792-796 (1993)

10. Levine, R.L., S-J.Chen, J.Durand, Y-F.Chen & S. Oparil: Medroxyprogesterone attenuates estrogen-mediated inhibition of neointima formation after balloon injury in the rat corotid artery. Circulation 94, 2221-2227 (1996)

11. Adams, M.R., S.J. Washburn, J.D.Wagner, J.K. Williams & T.B. Clarkson: Arterial Changes: Estrogen deficiency and effects of hormone replacements. In: Treatment of the postmenopausal woman: basic and clinical aspects . Ed. Lobo R.A, Raven Press, NY 243-50 (1994)

12. McGill, H.C. Jr, L.R. Axelrod, C.A. McMahan, H.S. Wigodsky & G.E. Mott: Estrogens and experimental atherosclerosis in the baboon (Papio cynophalus) . Circulation 56, 657-662 (1977)

13. Legato, M.J: Coronary artery disease in women. Int J Fertil 41(2), 94-100 (1996)

14. Moore, J.H. & W.W. Christie: Digestion, absorption and transport of fats in ruminant animals. In: Lipid metabolism in ruminant animals. Ed: Christie W.W , Pergamon Press, Oxford 123-49 (1981)

15. Baird D.D., D.M.Umbach, L. Lansdell, C.L. Hughes, K.D.R Setchell, C.R.Weinberg, A.F.Haney, A.J. Wilcox & McLachlan JA: Dietary intervention study to assess estrogenicity of dietary soy among postmenopausal women J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80, 1685-90 (1995)

16. Wronski, T.J., P.L. Lowry, C.C. Walsh & L.A.Ignaszewski: Skeletal alterations in ovariectomized rats. Calcif Tissue Int 37, 324-328 (1985)

17. Wronski T.J., C.C.Walsh & L.A. Ignaszewski: Histologic evidence for osteopenia and increased bone turnover in ovariectomized rats. Bone 7, 119-123 (1986)

18. Wronski, T.J. & C-F Yen: The ovariectomized rat as an animal model for postmenopausal bone loss. Cells and Materials Suppl 1, 69-74 (1991)

19. Frost HM & W.S.S. Jee: On the rat model of human osteopenia and osteoporoses. Bone Miner 18, 227-36 (1992)

20. Kalu, D.N: The ovariectomized rat model of postmenopausal bone loss. Bone Miner 15, 175-192 (1991)

21. Pastoureau, P, M.E.Arlot, F.Caulin, J.P. Barier, P.J. Meunier & P.D. Delmas: Effects of oophorectomy on biochemical and histological indices of bone turnover in ewes J Bone Min Res 4, suppl. 1 (abstr.) 477 (1989)

22. Hornby, S.B., S.L. Ford, N.J. Timpson, A.K. Ancill & G.P. Evans: Skeletal changes in the ewe after ovariectomy. J Bone Miner Res 9, (Suppl.1) S258 (1994)

23. Turner, A.S., M.R. Alvis, C.H. Mallinckrodt & H.U.Bryant: Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in sheep: experiences with in vivo and in vitro studies. Bone 17(Suppl.), 381S-387S (1995)

24. Turner, A.S.,M.R. Alvis, W. Myers & M.W. Lundy: Changes in bone mineral density and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase in ovariectomized ewes. Bone 17(Suppl.),395S-02S (1995)

25. Turner A.S., M.R. Alvis, C.H.,Mallinckrodt & H.U. Bryant: Dose-response effects of estradiol on bone mineral density in ovariectomized ewes. Bone 17 (Suppl.),421S-427S (1995)

26. R.L. Goodman: Neuroendocrine control of the ovine estrous cycle. In: The physiology of reproduction. Eds: Knobil E, Neill JD, 2nd. ed. 659-709 (1994)

27. Pastoureau, P., B. Merle & P.D. Delmas PD: Specific radioimmunoassay for ovine gla-protein (osteocalcin) Acta Endocrinologica (Copenh) 119, 152-160 (1988)

28. Pastoureau, P., P.J. Meunier & P.D. Delmas: Serum osteocalcin (bone Gla-protein) an index of bone growth in lambs, comparison with age-related histomorphometric changes. Bone 12, 143-149 (1991)

29. Chavassiuex, P, P. Pastoureau, G. Boivin, M.C. Chapuy, P.D. Delmas & P.J. Meunier: Dose-effects on ewe bone remodeling of short-term fluoride administration - a histomorphometric and biochemical study. Bone 12, 421-427 (1991)

30. Loo S.C., G.B. DiGregorio & J.G. Berardinelli: Serum osteocalcin in ovariectomized ewes: characterization of a large animal model to study osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 11(Suppl 1, Abstr.), S216 (1996)

31. Turner A.S., D.G. Eckhoff, M.R. Alvis, A.R. Villanueva & H.M. Aberman: Failure of hydroxylapatite coating to promote biologic fixation in an estrogen-deficient model. Proc Orthop Res Soc, Atlanta, Ga. (Abstr.), 155 (1996)

32. Sandhu, H.S., A.S. Turner, J.M. Kabo, L.E.A. Kanim, D. Liu, A. Nourparvar, R.B. Delmarter & E.G.Dawson: Distractive properties of a threaded fusion device: an in-vivo model. Spine 21, 1201-1210 (1996)

33. Turner, A.S., A.R. Villanueva, D.G. Eckhoff, M.R. Alvis & H.M. Aberman: Estrogen and bone ingrowth into implants. Interface of biomechanics and cell biology in orthopaedics June 6-8, Baltimore, MD. (Abstr.). 1996.

34. Turner, A.S. & A.R. Villanueva: Static and dynamic histomorphometric data in 9-to 11-year-old ewes. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 7, 101-109 (1994)

35. Turner, A.S., R.D. Park, H.M. Aberman, A.R. Villanueva, T.M. Nett, G.W. Trotter & D.G. Eckhoff DG: The effects of age and ovariectomy on trabecular bone of the proximal femur and iliac crest in sheep. Proc Orthop Res Soc, San Francisco, CA, Abstr. No. 584 (1993)

36. Duda, R.J., J.F. O’Brian, J.A. Katzman, J.M. Peterson, K.G. Mann & B.L. Riggs: Concurrent assays of bone Gla-protein and bone alkaline phosphatase: effects of sex, age and metabolic bone disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 66, 951-957 (1988)

37. DeSouza M.J., K.M. Prestwood, A.A. Luciano, B.E. Miller & J.C. Nulsen: A comparison of the effect of synthetic and micronized hormone replacement therapy on bone mineral density and biochemical markers of bone metabolism. Menopause 3, 140-148 (1996)

38. Thorsen K, A. Kristoffersson & R. Lorentzon: The effects of brisk walking on markers of bone and calcium metabolism in postmenopausal women. Calcif Tissue Int 58, 221-5 (1996)

39. Grier, S.J., A.S. Turner & M.R. Alvis: The use of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry(DXA) in animals: a review. Investigative Radiology 31, 50-62 (1996)

40. Oliveria, S.A., D.T. Felson, R.A. Klein, J.I. Reed & A.M. Walker: Estrogen replacement therapy and the development of osteoarthritis. Epidemiology 7, 415-419 (1967)

41. Van Sasse, J.L.C.M., L.K.J. Van Romunde, A. Cats, J.P. Vandenbroucke & H.A. Valkenburg: Epidemiology of osteoarthritis: zoetermeer survey:comparison of radiological osteoarthritis in a Dutch population with that in 10 other populations. Ann Rheum Dis 48, 271-280 ( 1989)

42. Nevitt, M.C., S.R. Cummings, N.E. Lane, M.C. Hochberg, J.C. Scott, A.R. Pressman, H.K. Genant HK & J.A. Cauley: Association of estrogen replacement therapy with the risk of osteoarthritis of the hip in elderly white women. Arch Intern Med 156, 2073-2080 (1996)

43. Nevitt, M.C. & D.T. Felson: Sex hormones and the risk of osteoarthritis in women: epidemiological evidence. Proc. EULAR Workshop: Epidemiology of osteoarthritis in the peripheral joints. 673-676 (1996)

44. Carlson, C.S,. R.F. Loeser, M.J. Jayo, D.S. Weaver, M.R Adams & C.P. Jerome: Osteoarthritis in cynomolgus macaques: a primate model of naturally occurring disease. J Orthop Res 12, 331-339 (1994)

45. Ghosh, P., J. Sutherland, C. Bellenger, R.A. Read & A. Darvodelsky: The influence of weight-bearing exercise on articular cartilage of meniscectomized joints. Clin Orthop 252, 101-113 (1990)

46. Armstrong, S.J., R.A. Read, P. Ghosh, D.M.Wilson: Moderate exercise exacerbates the osteoarthritic lesions produced in cartilage by meniscectomy: a morphological study. Osteoarthritis Cart 1, 89-96 (1993)

47. Armstrong, S.J., R.A. Read & P.Ghosh: The effects of intraarticular hyaluronan on cartilage and subchondral bone changes in an ovine model of early osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol 21, 680-688 (1994)

48. Ghosh, P., D. Burkhardt, R.A. Read, C. Bellenger: Recent advances in animal models for evaluating chondroprotective drugs. J Rheumatol 18, 143-146 (1991)

49. Mow, V.C,. M.C. Gibbs, W.M. Lai, W.B. Zhu & K.A. Athanasiou: Biphasic indentation of articular cartilage - II. A numerical algorithm and an experimental study. J Biomech 22, 254-266 (1989)

50. Turner, A.S., K.A. Athanasiou, C-H. Zhu, M.R. Alvis & H.U. Bryant: Biomechanical effects of estrogen on articular cartilage in ovariectomized sheep. Osteoarthritis Cart 5(1), 63-69 (1997)

51. Turner A.S., D.G. Eckhoff, R.D. Dewell, M.C. Allen, T.M. Nett & H.M. Aberman: Ovariectomy causes upregulation of specific estrogen receptors in articular cartilage. Proc Orthop Res Soc, New Orleans, LA (Abstr.) 180 (1998)

52. Rosner, I.A., V.M. Goldberg & R.W. Moskowitz: Estrogens and Osteoarthritis Clin Orthop 213, 77-83 (1986)

53. Aufdemorte, T.B., C. Fox, D. Miller D, K. Buffum, G.R. Holt & K.D. Carey: A non-human primate model for the study of osteoporosis and oral bone loss. Bone 14, 581-586 (1993)

54. Horner, K., H. Devlin, C.W. Alsop, I.M. Hodgkinson& J.E. Adams: Mandibular bone mineral density as a predictor of skeletal osteoporosis. Br J Radiol 69, 1019-1025 (1996)

55. Aufdemorte, T.B., B.D. Boyan, C. Fox & D. Miller: Diagnostic tools and biologic markers: animal models in the study of osteoporosis and oral bone loss. J Bone and Miner Res 8(2), S529-S534 (1993)

56. Atkinson, P.J,. J.A. Spence, G. Aitchison & A.R. Sykes: Mandibular bone in ageing sheep. J Comp Path 92, 51-67 (1982)

57. Turner AS, M. Edgerton , M.R .Alvis, H.U. Bryant: Mandibular bone density in the ovariectomized ewe. Bone 19 (3) (Supplement) 164S (Abstr.) (1996)

58. Paganini-Hill A.: The Risks and Benefits of Estrogen Replacement Therapy: Leisure World. Int J Fertil 40(1), 54-62 (1995)

59.Jacobs R,J. Ghyselen , P. Koninckx P, D. van Steenberghe: Long-term bone mass evaluation of mandible and lumbar spine in a group of women receiving hormone replacement therapy. Eur J Oral Sci 104, 10-16 (1996)

60. Bauchart D, D. Gruffat , D. Durand: Lipid absorption and hepatic metabolism in ruminants. Proc Nutr Soc 55, 39-47 (1996)

61. Liu SH, R. Al-Shaikh , V. Pasossian, R-S. Yang , S.D. Nelson, N. Soleiman, G.A.M. Finerman, J.M. Lane: Primary immunolocalization of estrogen and progesterone target cells in the human anterior cruciate ligament. J Orthop Res 14, 526-33 (1996)

62.Paganini-Hill A, V.W. Henderson: Estrogen replacement therapy and risk of Alzheimer Disease. Arch Intern Med 156, 2213-7 (1996)

63. Sherwin, B.B: Estrogen, the brain, and memory. Menopause 3, 97-105 ( 1996)

64. Tang, M-X, D. Jacobs, Y. Stern, K. Marder, B. Schofield, H. Andrews & R. Mayeux: Effect of estrogen during menopause on risk and age at onset of Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet 348, 429-432 (1996)

65. Resnick, S.M., E.J. Metter & A.B. Zonderman: Estrogen replacement therapy and longitudinal decline in visual memory: A possible protective effect? Neurology 49,1491-1497 (1997)