![]()
|
[Frontiers in Bioscience, 3, d250-268, February 15, 1998] Reprints PubMed CAVEAT LECTOR |
|
|---|---|---|
![]() ![]() ![]()
|
MYC AND THE CELL CYCLE Bruno Amati, Konstantinos Alevizopoulos and Jaromir Vlach
Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland Received 1/28/98 Accepted 2/11/98 10. REFERENCES 1. Marcu K. B., S. A. Bossone & A. J. Patel: myc function and regulation. Annu Rev Biochem 61, 809-860 (1992) 2. Henriksson M. & B. Lüscher: Proteins of the Myc network: essential regulators of cell growth and differentiation. Adv Cancer Res 68, 109-182 (1996) 3. Garte S.: The c-myc Oncogene in tumor progression. Crit Rev Oncogenesis 4, 435-449 (1993) 4. Downs K. M., G. R. Martin & J. M. Bishop: Contrasting patterns of myc and N-myc expression during gastrulation of the mouse embryo. Genes Dev 3, 860-869 (1989) 5. Alexandrow M. G., M. Kawabata, M. Aakre & H. L. Moses: Overexpression of the c-Myc oncoprotein blocks the growth-inhibitory response but is required for the mitogenic effects of transforming growth factor ß1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92, 3239-3243 (1995) 6. Hermeking H., J. O. Funk, M. Reichert, J. W. Ellwart & D. Eick: Abrogation of p53-induced cell cycle arrest by c-Myc: evidence for an inhibitor of p21WAF1/CIP1/SDI1. Oncogene 11, 1409-1415 (1995) 7. Steinman R. A., B. Hoffman, A. Iro, C. Guillouf, D. A. Liebermann & M. E. el-Houseini: Induction of p21 (WAF-1/CIP1) during differentiation. Oncogene 9, 3389-3396 (1994) 8. Eilers M., D. Picard, K. R. Yamamoto & J. M. Bishop: Chimaeras of myc oncoprotein and steroid receptors cause hormone-dependent transformation of cells. Nature 340, 66-68 (1989) 9. Eilers M., S. Schirm & J. M. Bishop: The MYC protein activates transcription of the alpha-prothymosin gene. EMBO J 10, 133-141 (1991) 10. Askew D. S., R. A. Ashmun, B. C. Simmons & J. L. Cleveland: Constitutive c-myc expression in an IL-3-dependent myeloid cell line suppresses cell cycle arrest and accelerates apoptosis. Oncogene 6, 1915-1922 (1991) 11. Evan G. I., A. H. Wyllie, C. S. Gilbert, T. D. Littlewood, H. Land, M. Brooks, C. M. Waters, L. Z. Penn & D. C. Hancock: Induction of apoptosis in Fibroblasts by c-Myc protein. Cell 69, 119-128 (1992) 12. Harrington E. A., M. R. Bennett, A. Fanidi & G. I. Evan: c-Myc-induced apoptosis in fibroblasts is inhibited by specific cytokines. EMBO J 13, 3286-3295 (1994) 13. Amati B., S. Dalton, M. W. Brooks, T. D. Littlewood, G. I. Evan & H. Land: Transcriptional activation by the human c-Myc oncoprotein in yeast requires interaction with Max. Nature 359, 423-426 (1992) 14. Kretzner L., E. M. Blackwood & R. N. Eisenman: Myc and Max proteins possess distinct transcriptional activities. Nature 359, 426-429 (1992) 15. Amati B. & H. Land: Myc - Max - Mad: a transcription factor network controlling cell cycle progression, differentiation and death. Curr Opin Genet Dev 4, 102-108 (1994) 16. Amati B., M. W. Brooks, N. Levy, T. D. Littlewood, G. I. Evan & H. Land: Oncogenic activity of the c-Myc protein requires dimerization with Max. Cell 72, 233-245 (1993) 17. Amati B., T. D. Littlewood, G. I. Evan & H. Land: The c-Myc protein induces cell cycle progression and apoptosis through dimerization with Max. EMBO J 12, 5083-5087 (1993) 18. Ayer D. E., L. Kretzner & R. N. Eisenman: Mad: a heterodimeric partner for Max that antagonizes Myc transcriptional activity. Cell 72, 211-22 (1993) 19. Zervos A. S., J. Gyuris & R. Brent: Mxi1, a protein that specifically interacts with Max to bind Myc-Max recognition sites. Cell 72, 223-232 (1993) 20. Hurlin P. J., C. Queva, P. J. Koskinen, E. Steingrimsson, D. E. Ayer, N. G. Copeland, N. A. Jenkins & R. N. Eisenman: Mad3 and Mad4: novel Max-interacting transcriptional repressors that suppress c-myc dependent transformation and are expressed during neural and epidermal differentiation. EMBO J 14, 5646-5659 (1995) 21. Hurlin P., C. Quéva & R. Eisenman: Mnt, a novel Max-interacting protein is coexpressed with Myc in proliferating cells and mediates repression at Myc binding sites. Genes Dev 11, 44-58 (1997) 22. Meroni G., A. Reymond, M. Alcalay, G. Borsani, A. Tanigami, R. Tonlorenzi, C. L. Nigro, S. Messali, M. Zollo, D. H. Ledbetter, R. Brent, A. Ballabio & R. Carrozzo: Rox, a novel bHLHZip protein expressed in quiescent cells that heterodimerizes with Max, binds a non-canonical E box and acts as a transcriptional repressor. EMBO J 16, 2892-2906 (1997) 23. Ayer D. E. & R. N. Eisenman: A switch from Myc:Max to Mad:Max heterocomplexes accompanies monocyte/macrophage differentiation. Genes Dev 7, 2110-2119 (1993) 24. Chin L., A. N. Schreiber, I. Pellicer, K. Chen, H. W. Lee, M. Dudast, C. C. Cordon & R. A. DePinho: Contrasting roles for Myc and Mad proteins in cellular growth and differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92, 8488-8492 (1995) 25. Gaubatz S., A. Meichle & M. Eilers: An E-box element localized in the first intron mediates regulation of the prothymosin alpha gene by c-myc. Mol Cell Biol 14, 3853-3862 (1994) 26. Bello-Fernandez C., G. Packham & J. L. Cleveland: The ornithine decarboxylase gene is a transcriptional target of c-Myc. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90, 7804-7808 (1993) 27. Galaktionov K., X. Chen & D. Beach: Cdc25 cell-cycle phosphatase as a target of c-myc. Nature 382, 511-517 (1996) 28. Grandori C. & R. Eisenman: Myc target genes. Trends Biochem Sci 22, 177-181 (1997) 29. Galaktionov K., A. K. Lee, J. Eckstein, G. Draetta, J. Meckler, M. Loda & D. Beach: CDC25 phosphatases as potential human Oncogenes. Science 269, 1575-1577 (1995) 30. Auvinen M., A. Paasinen, L. C. Anderson & E. Hölttä: Ornithine decarboxylase activity is critical for cell transformation. Nature 360, 355-358 (1992) 31. Moshier J. A., J. Dosescu, M. Skunca & G. D. Luk: Transformation of NIH/3T3 cells by ornithine decarboxylase overexpression. Cancer Res 53, 2618-2622 (1993) 32. Packham G. & J. L. Cleveland: Ornithine decarboxylase is a mediator of c-Myc-induced apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol 14, 5741-5747 (1994) 33. Packham G., C. W. Porter & J. L. Cleveland: c-Myc induces apoptosis and cell cycle progression by separable, yet overlapping, pathways. Oncogene 13, 461-469 (1996) 34. Bouchard C., P. Staller & M. Eilers: Control of cell proliferation by Myc. Trends Cell Biol (1998) In press 35. Roy A. L., C. Carruthers, T. Gutjahr & R. G. Roeder: Direct role for Myc in transcription initiation mediated by interactions with TFII-I. Nature 365, 359-361 (1993) 36. Peukert K., P. Staller, A. Schneider, G. Carmichael, F. Hanel & M. Eilers: An alternative pathway for gene regulation by myc. EMBO J 16, 5672-5686 (1997) 37. Packham G. & J. L. Cleveland: c-Myc and apoptosis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1242, 11-28 (1995) 38. Pardee A. B.: G1 events and regulation of cell proliferation. Science 246, 603-608 (1989) 39. Zetterberg A., O. Larsson & K. G. Wiman: What is the restriction point? Curr Opin Cell Biol 7, 835-842 (1995) 40. Sherr C. J.: D-type cyclins. Trends Biochem Sci 20, 187-190 (1995) 41. Weinberg R. A.: The retinoblastoma protein and cell cycle control. Cell 81, 323-330 (1995) 42. Sherr C. J.: G1 phase progression: cycling on cue. Cell 79, 551-555 (1994) 43. Sherr C. J.: Mammalian G1 cyclins. Cell 73, 1059-1065 (1993) 44. Beijersbergen R. L., L. Carlee, R. M. Kerkhoven & R. Bernards: Regulation of the retinoblastoma protein-related p107 by G1 cyclin complexes. Genes Dev 9, 1340-1353 (1995) 45. Xiao Z.-X., D. Ginsberg, M. Ewen & D. M. Livingston: Regulation of the Retinoblastoma protein-related protein p107 by G1 cyclin-associated kinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93, 4633-4637 (1996) 46. Mayol X., J. Garriga & X. Grana: Cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma-related protein p130. Oncogene 11, 801-808 (1995) 47. Beijersbergen R. L. & R. Bernards: Cell cycle regulation by the Retinoblastoma family of growth inhibitory proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1287, 103-120 (1996) 48. Mayol X. & X. Graña: The p130 pocket protein: keeping order at cell cycle exit/re-entrance transitions. Front Biosci 3, 11-24 (1998) 49. Müller R.: Transcriptional regulation during the mammalian cell cycle. Trends Genet 11, 173-178 (1995) 50. Weinberg R. A.: E2F and cell proliferation: a world turned upside down. Cell 85, 457-459 (1996) 51. Cobrinik D.: Regulatory interactions among E2Fs and cell cycle control proteins. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 208, 31-61 (1996) 52. Krek W., D. M. Livingston & S. Shirodkar: Binding to DNA and the retinoblastoma gene product promoted by complex formation of different E2F family members. Science 262, 1557-1560 (1993) 53. Bandara L., V. M. Buck, M. Zamanian, L. H. Johnston and & N. LaThangue: Functional synergy between DP-1 and E2F-1 in the cell cycle regulating transcription factor DRTF1/E2F. EMBO J 12, 4317-4324 (1993) 54. Helin K., C. L. Wu, A. R. Fattaey, J. A. Lees, B. D. Dynlacht, C. Ngwu & E. Harlow: Heterodimerization of the transcription factors E2F-1 and DP-1 leads to cooperative trans-activation. Genes Dev 7, 1850-1861 (1993) 55. Bernards R.: E2F: a nodal point in cell cycle regulation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1333, M33-M40 (1997) 56. Morgan D. O.: Principles of CDK regulation. Nature 374, 131-134 (1995) 57. Sherr C. J. & J. M. Roberts: Inhibitors of mammalian G1 cyclin-dependent kinases. Genes Dev 9, 1149-1163 (1995) 58. LaBaer J., M. D. Garrett, L. F. Stevenson, J. M. Slingerland, C. Sandhu, H. S. Chou, A. Fattaey & E. Harlow: New functional activities for the p21 family of CDK inhibitors. Genes Dev 11, 847-862 (1997) 59. Harper J. W. & S. J. Elledge: Cdk inhibitors in development and cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev 6, 56-64 (1996) 60. Lukas J., H. Muller, J. Bartkova, D. Spitkovsky, A. A. Kjerulff, P. Jansen-Durr, M. Strauss & J. Bartek: DNA tumor virus oncoproteins and retinoblastoma gene mutations share the ability to relieve the cell's requirement for cyclin D1 function in G1. J Cell Biol 125, 625-638 (1994) 61. Lukas J., J. Bartkova, M. Rohde, M. Strauss & J. Bartek: Cyclin D1 is dispensable for G1 control in retinoblastoma gene-deficient cells independently of cdk4 activity. Mol Cell Biol 15, 2600-2611 (1995a) 62. Lukas J., D. Parry, L. Aagaard, D. J. Mann, J. Bartkova, M. Strauss, G. Peters & J. Bartek: Retinoblastoma-protein-dependent cell-cycle inhibition by the tumour suppressor p16. Nature 375, 503-506 (1995b) 63. Koh J., G. H. Enders, B. D. Dynlacht & E. Harlow: Tumour-derived p16 alleles encoding proteins defective in cell-cycle inhibition. Nature 375, 506-510 (1995) 64. Medema R. H., R. E. Herrera, F. Lam & R. A. Weinberg: Growth suppression by p16ink4 requires functional retinoblastoma protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92, 6289-6293 (1995) 65. DeGregori J., G. Leone, K. Ohtani, A. Miron & J. R. Nevins: E2F-1 accumulation bypasses a G1 arrest resulting from the inhibition of G1 cyclin-dependent kinase activity. Genes Dev 9, 2873-2887 (1995) 66. Mann D. J. & N. C. Jones: E2F-1 but not E2F-4 can overcome p16-induced G1 cell-cycle arrest. Curr Biol 6, 474-483 (1996) 67. Lukas J., B. Otzen Petersen, K. Holm, J. Bartek & K. Helin: Deregulated expression of E2F family members induces S-phase entry and overcomes p16INK4A-mediated growth suppression. Mol Cell Biol 16, 1047-1057 (1996) 68. Resnitzky D. & S. I. Reed: Different roles for cyclins D1 and E in regulation of the G1-to-S transition. Mol Cell Biol 15, 3463-3469 (1995) 69. Hofmann F. & D. M. Livingston: Differential effects of cdk2 and cdk3 on the control of pRb and E2Ff function during G(1) exit. Genes Dev 10, 851-861 (1996) 70. Ohtsubo M., A. M. Theodoras, J. Schumacher, J. M. Roberts & M. Pagano: Human cyclin E, a nuclear protein essential for the G1-to-S phase transition. Mol Cell Biol 15, 2612-2624 (1995) 71. Lukas J., T. Herzinger, K. Hansen, M. Moroni, D. Resnitzky, K. Helin, S. Reed & J. Bartek: Cyclin E-induced S phase without activation of the pRb/E2F pathway. Genes Dev 11, 1479-1492 (1997) 72. Alevizopoulos K., J. Vlach, S. Hennecke & B. Amati: Cyclin E and c-Myc promote cell proliferation in the presence of p16INK4a and of hypophosphorylated Retinoblastoma-family proteins. EMBO J 16, 5322-5333 (1997) 73. Leng X. H., L. Connell-Crowley, D. Goodrich & J. W. Harper: S-phase entry upon ectopic expression of G1 cyclin-dependent kinases in the absence of retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation. Curr Biol 7, 709-712 (1997) 74. Ohtani K., J. DeGregori & J. R. Nevins: Regulation of the cyclin E gene by transcription factor E2F1. Proc Nal Acad Sci USA 92, 12146-12150 (1995) 75. Geng Y., E. N. Eaton, M. Picon, J. M. Roberts, A. S. Lundberg, A. Gifford, C. Sardet & R. A. Weinberg: Regulation of cyclin E transcription by E2Fs and retinoblastoma protein. Oncogene 12, 1173-1180 (1996) 76. Botz J., K. Zerfass-Thome, D. Spitkovsky, H. Delius, B. Vogt, M. Eilers, A. Hatzigeorgiou & P. Jansen-Dürr: Cell cycle regulation of the murine cyclin E gene depends on an E2F binding site in the promoter. Mol Cell Biol 16, 3401-3409 (1996) 77. Herrera R. E., V. P. Sah, B. O. Williams, T. P. Makela, R. A. Weinberg & J. Tyler: Altered cell cycle kinetics, gene expression, and G1 restriction point regulation in rb-deficient fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biol 16, 2402-2407 (1996) 78. Hurford R. J., D. Cobrinik, M. Lee & N. Dyson: pRB and p107/p130 are required for the regulated expression of different sets of E2F responsive genes. Genes Dev 11, 1447-1463 (1997) 79. DeGregori J., T. Kowalik & J. R. Nevins: Cellular targets for activation by the E2F1 transcription factor include DNA synthesis- and G1/S-regulatory genes. Mol Cell Biol 15, 4215-4224 (1995) 80. Soucek T., O. Pusch, E. Hengstschlager-Ottnad, P. D. Adams & M. Hengstschlager: Deregulated expression of E2f-1 induces cyclin A- and E-associated kinase activities independently from cell cycle position. Oncogene 14, 2251-2257 (1997) 81. Bartkova J., J. Lukas, M. Strauss & J. Bartek: Cyclin D1 oncoprotein aberrantly accumulates in malignancies of diverse histogenesis. Oncogene 10, 775-779 (1995) 82. Lukas J., L. Aagaard, M. Strauss & J. Bartek: Oncogenic aberrations of p16INK4/CDKN2 and cyclin D1 cooperate to deregulate G1 control. Cancer Res 55, 4818-4823 (1995) 83. Hall M. & G. Peters: Genetic alterations of cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases, and cdk inhibitors in human cancer. Adv Cancer Res 68, 67-108 (1996) 84. Strauss M., J. Lukas & J. Bartek: Unrestricted cell cycling and cancer. Nature Med 1, 1245-1246 (1995) 85. Serrano M., H. Lee, L. Chin, C. Cordon-Cardo, D. Beach & R. A. DePinho: Role of the INK4a locus in tumor suppression and cell mortality. Cell 85, 27-37 (1996) 86. Quelle D. E., F. Zindy, R. A. Ashmun & C. J. Sherr: Alternative reading frames of the INK4a tumor suppressor gene encode two unrelated proteins capable of inducing cell cycle arrest. Cell 83, 993-1000 (1995) 87. Kamijo T., F. Zindy, M. F. Roussel, D. E. Quelle, J. R. Downing, R. A. Ashmun, G. Grosveld & C. J. Sherr: Tumor suppression at the mouse ink4a locus mediated by the alternative reading frame product p19(ARF). Cell 91, 649-659 (1997) 88. Vlach J., S. Hennecke, K. Alevizopoulos, D. Conti & B. Amati: Growth arrest by the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 is abrogated by c-Myc. EMBO J. 15, 6595-6604 (1996) 89. Polyak K., J. Y. Kato, M. J. Solomon, C. J. Sherr, J. Massague, J. M. Roberts & A. Koff: p27Kip1, a cyclin-Cdk inhibitor, links transforming growth factor-beta and contact inhibition to cell cycle arrest. Genes Dev 8, 9-22 (1994) 90. Reynisdottir I., K. Polyak, A. Iavarone & J. Massague: Kip/Cip and Ink4 Cdk inhibitors cooperate to induce cell cycle arrest in response to TGF-beta. Genes Dev 9, 1831-1845 (1995) 91. Poon R. Y. C., H. Toyoshima & T. Hunter: Redistribution of the CDK inhibitor p27 between different cyclin-CDK complexes in the mouse fibroblast cell cycle and in cells arrested with lovastatin and ultraviolet irradiation. Mol Biol Cell 6, 1197-1213 (1995) 92. Soos T. J., H. Kiyokawa, J. S. Yan, M. S. Rubin, A. Giordano, A. DeBlasio, S. Bottega, B. Wong, J. Mendelsohn & A. Koff: Formation of p27-CDK complexes during the human mitotic cell cycle. Cell Growth Diff 7, 135-146 (1996) 93. Rudolph B., R. Saffrich, J. Zwicker, B. Henglein, R. Müller, W. Ansorge & M. Eilers: Activation of cyclin-dependent kinases by Myc mediates induction of cyclin A, but not apoptosis. EMBO J 15, 3065-3076 (1996) 94. Fornace A. J., J. Jackman, M. C. Hollander, B. Hoffman-Liebermann & D. A. Liebermann: Genotoxic-stress-response genes and growth-arrest genes. gadd, MyD, and other genes induced by treatments eliciting growth arrest. Ann N Y Acad Sci 663, 139-53 (1992) 95. Zhan Q., K. A. Lord, I. J. Alamo, M. C. Hollander, F. Carrier, D. Ron, K. W. Kohn, B. Hoffman, D. A. Liebermann & A. J. Fornace: The gadd and MyD genes define a novel set of mammalian genes encoding acidic proteins that synergistically suppress cell growth. Mol Cell Biol 14, 2361-2371 (1994) 96. Vairapandi M., A. G. Balliet, A. J. J. Fornace, B. Hoffman & D. A. Liebermann: The differentiation primary response gene MyD118, related to GADD45, encodes for a nuclear protein which interacts with PCNA and p21WAF1/CIP1. Oncogene 12, 2579-2594 (1996) 97. Zhan Q., W. El-Deiry, I. Bae, I. Alamo, M. B. Kastan, B. Vogelstein & A. J. J. Fornace: Int J Oncol 6, 937-946 (1995) 98. Marhin W. W., S. J. Chen, L. M. Facchini, A. J. Fornace & L. Z. Penn: Myc represses the growth arrest gene gadd45. Oncogene 14, 2825-2834 (1997) 99. Steiner P., A. Philipp, J. Lukas, D. Godden-Kent, M. Pagano, S. Mittnacht, J. Bartek & M. Eilers: Identification of a Myc-dependent step during the formation of active G1 cyclin-cdk complexes. EMBO J 14, 4814-4826 (1995) 100. Jansen-Dürr P., A. Meichle, P. Steiner, M. Pagano, K. Finke, J. Botz, J. Wessbecher, G. Draetta & M. Eilers: Differential modulation of cyclin gene expression by MYC. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90, 3685-3689 (1993) 101. Perez-Roger I., D. L. C. Solomon, A. Sewing & H. Land: Myc activation of cyclin E/CDK2 kinase involves induction of cyclin E gene transcription and inhibition of p27Kip1 binding to newly formed complexes. Oncogene 14, 2373-2381 (1997) 102. Müller D., C. Bouchard, B. Rudolph, P. Steiner, I. Stuckmann, R. Saffrich, W. Ansorge, W. Huttner & M. Eilers: Cdk2-dependent phosphorylation of p27 facilitates its myc-induced release from cyclin E/cdk2 complexes. Oncogene 15, 2561-2576 (1997) 103. Pagano M., S. W. Tam, A. M. Theodoras, R. P. Beer, S. G. Del, V. Chau, P. R. Yew, G. F. Draetta & M. Rolfe: Role of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in regulating abundance of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27. Science 269, 682-685 (1995) 104. Sheaff R. J., M. Groudine, M. Gordon, J. M. Roberts & B. E. Clurman: Cyclin E-CDK2 is a regulator of p27Kip1. Genes Dev 11, 1464-1478 (1997) 105. Vlach J., S. Hennecke & B. Amati: Phosphorylation-dependent degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1. EMBO J 16, 5334-5344 (1997) 106. Pusch O., G. Bernaschek, M. Eilers & M. Hengstschlager: Activation of c-Myc uncouples DNA replication from activation of G1-cyclin-dependent kinases. Oncogene 15, 649-656 (1997) 107. Hoffmann I., G. Draetta & E. Karsenti: Activation of the phosphatase activity of human cdc25A by a cdk2-cyclin E dependent phosphorylation at the G1/S transition. EMBO J 13, 4302-4310 (1994) 108. Saha P., Q. Eichbaum, E. D. Silberman, B. J. Mayer & A. Dutta: p21CIP1 and Cdc25A: competition between an inhibitor and an activator of cyclin-dependent kinases. Mol Cell Biol 17, 4338-4345 (1997) 109. Iavarone A. & J. Massague: Repression of the CDK activator Cdc25A and cell-cycle arrest by cytokine TGF-beta in cells lacking the CDK inhibitor p15. Nature 387, 417-422 (1997) 110. Berns K., E. M. Hijmans & R. Bernards: Repression of c-myc responsive genes in cycling cells causes G1 arrest through reduction of cyclin E-cdk2 kinase activity. Oncogene 15, 1347-1356 (1997) 111. Karn J., J. V. Watson, A. D. Lowe, S. M. Green & W. Vedeckis: Regulation of cell cycle duration by c-myc levels. Oncogene 4, 773-787 (1989) 112. Duronio R. J., P. H. O'Farrell, J. E. Xie, A. Brook & N. Dyson: The transcription factor E2F is required for S phase during Drosophila embryogenesis. Genes Dev 9, 1445-1455 (1995) 113. Duronio R. J. & P. H. O'Farrell: Developmental control of the G1 to S transition in Drosophila: cyclin E is a limiting downstream target of E2F. Genes Dev 9, 1456-1468 (1995) 114. Duronio R. J., A. Brook, N. Dyson & P. H. O'Farrel: E2F-induced S-phase entry requires cyclin E. Genes Dev 10, 2505-2513 (1996) 115. Leone G., J. DeGregori, R. Sears, L. Jakoi & J. R. Nevins: Myc and Ras collaborate in inducing accumulation of active cyclin E/Cdk2 and E2F. Nature 387, 422-426 (1997) 116. Sears R., K. Ohtani & J. R. Nevins: Identification of positively and negatively acting elements regulating expression of the E2F2 gene in response to cell growth signals. Mol Cell Biol 17, 5227-5235 (1997) 117. Reynisdottir I. & J. Massague: The subcellular locations of p15(Ink4b) and p27(Kip1) coordinate their inhibitory interactions with cdk4 and cdk2. Genes Dev 11, 492-503 (1997) 118. Hannon G. J. & D. Beach: p15 INK4B is a potential effector of TGF-beta-induced growth arrest. Nature 371, 257-261 (1994) 119. Pietenpol J. A., R. W. Stein, E. Moran, P. Yaciuk, R. Schlegel, R. M. Lyons, M. R. Pittelkow, K. Munger, P. M. Howley & H. L. Moses: TGF-beta 1 inhibition of c-myc transcription and growth in keratinocytes is abrogated by viral transforming proteins with pRB binding domains. Cell 61, 777-785 (1990) 120. Matsushime H., M. F. Roussel, R. A. Ashmun & C. J. Sherr: Colony-stimulating factor 1 regulates novel cyclins during the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Cell 65, 701-713 (1991) 121. Daksis J. I., R. Y. Lu, L. M. Facchini, W. W. Marhin & L. J. Penn: Myc induces cyclin D1 expression in the absence of de novo protein synthesis and links mitogen-stimulated signal transduction to the cell cycle. Oncogene 9, 3635-3645 (1994) 122. Solomon D. L., A. Philipp, H. Land & M. Eilers: Expression of cyclin D1 mRNA is not upregulated by Myc in rat fibroblasts. Oncogene 11, 1893-1897 (1995) 123. Philipp A., A. Schneider, I. Vasrik, K. Finke, Y. Xiong, D. Beach, K. Alitalo & M. Eilers: Repression of cyclin D1: a novel function of MYC. Mol Cell Biol 14, 4032-4043 (1994) 124. Marhin W. W., Y. J. Hei, S. Chen, Z. Jiang, B. L. Gallie, R. A. Phillips & L. Z. Penn: Loss of Rb and Myc activation co-operate to suppress cyclin D1 and contribute to transformation. Oncogene 12, 43-52 (1996) 125. Rosenwald I. B., D. B. Rhoads, L. D. Callanan, K. J. Isselbacher & E. V. Schmidt: Increased expression of eukaryotic translation initiation factors eIF-4E and eIF-2 alpha in response to growth induction by c-myc. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90, 6175-6178 (1993) 126. Jones R. M., J. Branda, K. A. Johnston, M. Polymenis, M. Gadd, A. Rustgi, L. Callanan & E. V. Schmidt: An essential E box in the promoter of the gene encoding the mRNA cap-binding protein (eukaryotic initiation factor 4E) is a target for activation by c-myc. Mol Cell Biol 16, 4754-4764 (1996) 127. Rosenwald I. B., K. A. Lazaris, N. Sonenberg & E. V. Schmidt: Elevated levels of cyclin D1 protein in response to increased expression of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E. Mol Cell Biol 13, 7358-7363 (1993) 128. Roussel M. F., J. L. Cleveland, S. A. Shurtleff & C. J. Sherr: Myc rescue of a mutant CSF-1 receptor impaired in mitogenic signalling. Nature 353, 361-363 (1991) 129. Roussel M. F., A. M. Theodoras, M. Pagano & C. J. Sherr: Rescue of defective mitogenic signaling by D-type cyclins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92, 6837-6841 (1995) 130. Hiebert S. W., M. Lipp & J. R. Nevins: E1A-dependent trans-activation of the human MYC promoter is mediated by the E2F factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 86, 3594-8 (1989) 131. Thalmeier K., H. Synovzik, R. Mertz, E. L. Winnacker & M. Lipp: Nuclear factor E2F mediates basic transcription and trans-activation by E1a of the human MYC promoter. Genes Dev 3, 527-36 (1989) 132. Mudryj M., S. W. Hiebert & J. R. Nevins: A role for the adenovirus inducible E2F transcription factor in a proliferation dependent signal transduction pathway. EMBO J 9, 2179-2184 (1990) 133. Oswald F., H. Lovec, T. Moroy & M. Lipp: E2F-dependent regulation of human MYC: trans-activation by cyclins D1 and A overrides tumour suppressor protein functions. Oncogene 9, 2029-2036 (1994) 134. Shibuya H., M. Yoneyama, T. J. Ninomiya, K. Matsumoto & T. Taniguchi: IL-2 and EGF receptors stimulate the hematopoietic cell cycle via different signaling pathways: demonstration of a novel role for c-myc. Cell 70, 57-67 (1992) 135. Langer S. J., D. M. Bortner, M. F. Roussel, C. J. Sherr & M. C. Ostrowski: Mitogenic signaling by colony-stimulating factor 1 and ras is suppressed by the ets-2 DNA-binding domain and restored by myc overexpression. Mol Cell Biol 12, 5355-62 (1992) 136. Roussel M. F., J. N. Davis, J. L. Cleveland, J. Ghysdael & S. W. Hiebert: Dual control of myc expression through a single DNA binding site targeted by ets family proteins and E2F-1. Oncogene 9, 405-15 (1994) 137. Barone M. V. & S. A. Courtneidge: Myc but not Fos rescue of PDGF signalling block caused by kinase-inactive Src. Nature 378, 509-512 (1995) 138. Zou X., S. Rudchenko, K. Wong & K. Calame: Induction of c-myc transcription by the v-Abl tyrosine kinase requires Ras, Raf1, and cyclin-dependent kinases. Genes Dev 11, 654-662 (1997) 139. Wong K. K., X. Zou, K. T. Merrell, A. J. Patel, K. B. Marcu, S. Chellappan & K. Calame: v-Abl activates c-myc transcription through the E2F site. Mol Cell Biol 15, 6535-6544 (1995) 140. Hermeking H., D. A. Wolf, F. Kohlhuber, A. Dickmanns, M. Billaud, E. Fanning & D. Eick: Role of c-myc in simian virus 40 large tumor antigen-induced DNA synthesis in quiescent 3T3-L1 mouse fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91, 10412-10416 (1994) 141. Gu W., K. Bhatia, I. Magrath, C. Dang & R. Dalla-Favera: Binding and suppression of the Myc transcriptional activation domain by p107. Science 264, 251-254 (1994) 142. Beijersbergen R. L., E. M. Hijmans, L. Zhu & R. Bernards: Interaction of c-Myc with the pRb-related protein p107 results in inhibition of c-Myc-mediated transactivation. EMBO J 13, 4080-4086 (1994) 143. Hoang A. T., B. Lutterbach, B. C. Lewis, T. Yano, T. Y. Chou, J. F. Barrett, M. Raffeld, S. R. Hann & C. V. Dang: A link between increased transforming activity of lymphoma-derived MYC mutant alleles, their defective regulation by p107, and altered phosphorylation of the c-Myc transactivation domain. Mol Cell Biol 15, 4031-4042 (1995) 144. Smith-Sorensen B., E. M. Hijmans, R. L. Beijersbergen & R. Bernards: Functional analysis of burkitts lymphoma mutant c-myc proteins. J Biol Chem 271, 5513-5518 (1996) 145. Haas K., P. Staller, C. Geisen, J. Bartek, M. Eilers & T. Moroy: Mutual requirement of CDK4 and Myc in malignant transformation: evidence for cyclin D1/CDK4 and p16INK4A as upstream regulators of Myc. Oncogene 15, 179-192 (1997) 146. Qin X.-Q., D. M. Livingston, M. Ewen, W. R. Sellers, Z. Arany & W. G. Kaelin: The transcription factor E2F-1 is a downstream target of RB action. Mol Cell Biol 15, 742-755 (1995) 147. Zhu L., S. van den Heuvel, K. Helin, A. Fattaey, M. Ewen, D. M. Livingston, N. Dyson & E. Harlow: Inhibition of cell proliferation by p107, a relative of the retinoblastoma protein. Genes Dev 7, 1111-1125 (1993) 148. Mateyak M. K., A. J. Obaya, S. Adachi & J. M. Sedivy: Phenotypes of c-myc-deficient rat fibroblasts isolated by targeted homologous recombination. Cell Growth Differ 8, 1039-1048 (1997) 149. Ittmann M., J. Ali, A. Greco & C. Basilico: The gene complementing a temperature-sensitive cell cycle mutant of BHK cells is the human homologue of the yeast RPC53 gene, which encodes a subunit of RNA polymerase C (III). Cell Growth Differ 4, 503-511 (1993) 150. Jackson A. J., M. Ittmann & B. F. Pugh: The BN51 protein is a polymerase (Pol)-specific subunit of RNA Pol III which reveals a link between Pol III transcription and pre-rRNA processing. Mol Cell Biol 15, 94-101 (1995) 151. Ghisolfi-Nieto L., G. Joseph, F. Puvion-Dutilleul, F. Amalric & P. Bouvet: Nucleolin is a sequence-specific RNA-binding protein: characterization of targets on pre-ribosomal RNA. J Mol Biol 260, 34-53 (1996) 152. Ittmann M., A. Greco & C. Basilico: Isolation of the human gene that complements a temperature-sensitive cell cycle mutation in BHK cells. Mol Cell Biol 7, 3386-3393 (1987) 153. Cavanaugh A. H., W. M. Hempel, L. J. Taylor, V. Rogalsky, G. Todorov & L. I. Rothblum: Activity of RNA polymerase I transcription factor UBF blocked by Rb gene product. Nature 374, 177-180 (1995) 154. White R. J., D. Trouche, K. Martin, S. P. Jackson & T. Kouzarides: Repression of RNA polymerase III transcription by the retinoblastoma protein. Nature 382, 88-90 (1996) 155. Chu W. M., Z. Wang, R. G. Roeder & C. W. Schmid: RNA polymerase III transcription repressed by Rb through its interactions with TFIIIB and TFIIIC2. J Biol Chem 272, 14755-14761 (1997) 156. Larminie C. G., C. A. Cairns, R. Mital, K. Martin, T. Kouzarides, S. P. Jackson & R. J. White: Mechanistic analysis of RNA polymerase III regulation by the retinoblastoma protein. EMBO J 16, 2061-2071 (1997) 157. Voit R., K. Schafer & I. Grummt: Mechanism of repression of RNA polymerase I transcription by the retinoblastoma protein. Mol Cell Biol 17, 4230-4237 (1997) 158. Herwig S. & M. Strauss: The retinoblastoma protein: a master regulator of cell cycle, differentiation and apoptosis. Eur J Biochem 246, 581-601 (1997) 159. Downward J.: Cell cycle: routine role for Ras. Curr Biol 7, (1997) 160. Marshall C. J.: Ras effectors. Curr Opin Cell Biol 8, 197-204 (1996) 161. Pronk G. J. & J. L. Bos: The role of p21ras in receptor tyrosine kinase signalling. Biochim Biophys Acta 1198, 131-147 (1994) 162. Dobrowolski S., M. Harter & D. W. Stacey: Cellular ras activity is required for passage through multiple points of the G0/G1 phase in BALB/c 3T3 cells. Mol Cell Biol 14, 5441-5449 (1994) 163. Peeper D. S., T. M. Upton, M. H. Ladha, E. Neuman, J. Zalvide, R. Bernards, J. A. Decaprio & M. E. Ewen: Ras signalling linked to the cell-cycle machinery by the retinoblastoma protein. Nature 386, 177-181 (1997) 164. Mittnacht S., H. Paterson, M. F. Olson & C. J. Marshall: Ras signalling is required for inactivation of the tumour suppressor pRb cell-cycle control protein. Curr Biol 7, 219-221 (1997) 165. Aktas H., H. Cai & G. M. Cooper: Ras links growth factor signaling to the cell cycle machinery via regulation of cyclin D1 and the Cdk inhibitor p27KIP1. Mol Cell Biol 17, 3850-3857 (1997) 166. Sewing A., B. Wiseman, A. C. Lloyd & H. Land: High-intensity Raf signal causes cell cycle arrest mediated by p21Cip1. Mol Cell Biol 17, 5588-5597 (1997) 167. Woods D., D. Parry, H. Cherwinski, E. Bosch, E. Lees & M. McMahon: Raf-induced proliferation or cell cycle arrest is determined by the level of Raf activity with arrest mediated by p21Cip1. Mol Cell Biol 17, 5598-55611 (1997) 168. Kawada M., S. Yamagoe, Y. Murakami, K. Suzuki, S. Mizuno & Y. Uehara: Induction of p27Kip1 degradation and anchorage independence by Ras through the MAP kinase signaling pathway. Oncogene 15, 629-637 (1997) 169. Galaktionov K., C. Jessus & D. Beach: Raf1 interaction with Cdc25 phosphatase ties mitogenic signal transduction to cell cycle activation. Genes Dev 9, 1046-1058 (1995) 170. Connell-Crowley L., S. J. Elledge & J. W. Harper: G1 cyclin-dependent kinases are sufficient to initiate DNA synthesis in quiescent human fibroblasts. Curr Biol 8, 65-68 (1998) 171. Flynn A. & C. G. Proud: The role of eIF4 in cell proliferation. Cancer Surv 27, 293-310 (1996) 172. Graff J. R., E. R. Boghaert, B. A. De, D. L. Tudor, C. C. Zimmer, S. K. Chan & S. G. Zimmer: Reduction of translation initiation factor 4E decreases the malignancy of ras-transformed cloned rat embryo fibroblasts. Int J Cancer 60, 255-263 (1995) 173. Rinker-Schaeffer C. W., J. R. Graff, A. De Benedetti, S. G. Zimmer & R. E. Rhoads: Decreasing the level of translation initiation factor 4E with antisense RNA causes reversal of ras-mediated transformation and tumorigenesis of cloned rat embryo fibroblasts. Int J Cancer 55, 841-847 (1993) 174. Polunovsky V. A., I. B. Rosenwald, A. T. Tan, J. White, L. Chiang, N. Sonenberg & P. B. Bitterman: Translational control of programmed cell death: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E blocks apoptosis in growth-factor-restricted fibroblasts with physiologically expressed or deregulated Myc. Mol Cell Biol 16, 6573-6581 (1996) 175. Land H., A. C. Chen, J. P. Morgenstern, L. F. Parada & R. A. Weinberg: Behavior of myc and ras Oncogenes in transformation of rat embryo fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biol 6, 1917-1925 (1986) 176. Land H., L. F. Parada & R. A. Weinberg: Cellular Oncogenes and multistep carcinogenesis. Science 222, 771-778 (1983) 177. Sinn E., W. Muller, P. Pattengale, I. Tepler, R. Wallace & P. Leder: Coexpression of MMTV/v-Ha-ras and MMTV/c-myc genes in transgenic mice: synergistic action of Oncogenes in vivo. Cell 49, 465-475 (1987) 178. Sandgren E. P., C. J. Quaife, C. A. Pinkert, R. D. Palmiter & R. L. Brinster: Oncogene-induced liver neoplasia in transgenic mice. Oncogene 4, 715-24 (1989) 179. Langdon W. Y., A. W. Harris & S. Cory: Acceleration of B-lymphoid tumorigenesis in E mu-myc transgenic mice by v-H-ras and v-raf but not v-abl. Oncogene Res 4, 253-258 (1989) 180. Thompson T. C., J. Southgate, G. Kitchener & H. Land: Multistage carcinogenesis induced by ras and myc Oncogenes in a reconstituted organ. Cell 56, 917-930 (1989) 181. Haupt Y., A. W. Harris & J. M. Adams: Retroviral infection accelerates T lymphomagenesis in E mu-N-ras transgenic mice by activating c-myc or N-myc. Oncogene 7, 981-986 (1992) 182. Ruley H. E.: Transforming collaborations between ras and nuclear Oncogenes. Cancer Cells 2, 258-268 (1990) 183. Newbold R. F. & R. W. Overell: Fibroblast immortality is a prerequisite for transformation by EJ c-Ha-ras Oncogene. Nature 304, 648-651 (1983) 184. Franza B. J., K. Maruyama, J. I. Garrels & H. E. Ruley: In vitro establishment is not a sufficient prerequisite for transformation by activated ras Oncogenes. Cell 44, 409-418 (1986) 185. Ridley A. J., H. F. Paterson, M. Noble & H. Land: Ras-mediated cell cycle arrest is altered by nuclear Oncogenes to induce Schwann cell transformation. EMBO J 7, 1635-1645 (1988) 186. Lloyd A. C., F. Obermuller, S. Staddon, C. F. Barth, M. McMahon & H. Land: Cooperating Oncogenes converge to regulate cyclin/cdk complexes. Genes Dev 11, 663-677 (1997) 187. Serrano M., A. W. Lin, M. E. McCurrach, D. Beach & S. W. Lowe: Oncogenic ras provokes premature cell senescence associated with accumulation of p53 and p16INK4a. Cell 88, 593-602 (1997) 188. Kohl N. E. & H. E. Ruley: Role of c-myc in the transformation of REF52 cells by viral and cellular Oncogenes. Oncogene 2, 41-48 (1987) 189. Tsukada T., Y. Tomooka, S. Takai, Y. Ueda, S. Nishikawa, T. Yagi, T. Tokunaga, N. Takeda, Y. Suda, S. Abe, I. Matsuo, Y. Ikawa & S. Aizawa: Enhanced proliferative potential in culture of cells from p53-deficient mice. Oncogene 8, 3313-3322 (1993) 190. Harvey M., A. T. Sands, R. S. Weiss, M. E. Hegi, R. W. Wiseman, P. Pantazis, B. C. Giovanella, M. A. Tainsky, A. Bradley & L. A. Donehower: In vitro growth characteristics of embryo fibroblasts isolated from p53-deficient mice. Oncogene 8, 2457-2467 (1993) 191. Tanaka N., M. Ishihara, M. Kitagawa, H. Harada, T. Kimura, T. Matsuyama, M. S. Lamphier, S. Aizawa, T. W. Mak & T. Taniguchi: Cellular commitment to Oncogene-induced transformation or apoptosis is dependent on the transcription factor IRF-1. Cell 77, 829-839 (1994) 192. Donehower L. A., M. Harvey, B. L. Slagle, M. J. McArthur, C. A. J. Montgomery, J. S. Butel & A. Bradley: Mice deficient for p53 are developmentally normal but susceptible to spontaneous tumours. Nature 356, 215-221 (1992) 193. Chin L., J. Pomerantz, D. Polsky, M. Jacobson, C. Cohen, C. Cordoncardo, J. W. Horner & R. A. Depinho: Cooperative effects of ink4a and ras in melanoma susceptibility in vivo. Genes Dev 11, 2822-2834 (1997) 194. Quelle D. E., M. Cheng, R. A. Ashmun & C. J. Sherr: Cancer-associated mutations at the INK4a locus cancel cell cycle arrest by p16INK4a but not by the alternative reading frame protein p19ARF. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94, 669-673 (1997) 195. Deng C., P. Zhang, J. W. Harper, S. J. Elledge & P. Leder: Mice lacking p21CIP1/WAF1 undergo normal development, but are defective in G1 checkpoint control. Cell 82, 675-684 (1995) 196. Blyth K., A. Terry, M. O'Hara, E. W. Baxter, M. Campbell, M. Stewart, L. A. Donehower, D. E. Onions, J. C. Neil & E. R. Cameron: Synergy between a human c-myc transgene and p53 null genotype in murine thymic lymphomas: contrasting effects of homozygous and heterozygous p53 loss. Oncogene 10, 1717-1723 (1995) 197. Elson A., C. Deng, T. J. Campos, L. A. Donehower & P. Leder: The MMTV/c-myc transgene and p53 null alleles collaborate to induce T-cell lymphomas, but not mammary carcinomas in transgenic mice. Oncogene 11, 181-190 (1995) 198. Hsu B., M. C. Marin, A. k. el Naggar, L. C. Stephens, S. Brisbay & T. J. McDonnell: Evidence that c-myc mediated apoptosis does not require wild-type p53 during lymphomagenesis. Oncogene 11, 175-179 (1995) 199. Metz T., A. W. Harris & J. M. Adams: Absence of p53 allows direct immortalization of hematopoietic cells by the myc and raf Oncogenes. Cell 82, 29-36 (1995) 200. Hermeking H. & D. Eick: Mediation of c-Myc-induced apoptosis by p53. Science 265, 2091-2093 (1994) 201. Wagner A. J., J. M. Kokontis & N. Hay: Myc-mediated apoptosis requires wild-type p53 in a manner independent of cell cycle arrest and the ability of p53 to induce p21waf1/cip1. Genes Dev 8, 2817-2830 (1994) 202. Vaux D. L., S. Cory & J. M. Adams: Bcl-2 gene promotes haemopoietic cell survival and cooperates with c-myc to immortalize pre-B cells. Nature 335, 440-442 (1988) 203. Lovec H., A. Grzeschiczek, M. B. Kowalski & T. Moroy: Cyclin D1/bcl-1 cooperates with myc genes in the generation of B-cell lymphoma in transgenic mice. EMBO J 13, 3487-3495 (1994) 204. Bodrug S. E., B. J. Warner, M. L. Bath, G. J. Lindeman, A. W. Harris & J. M. Adams: Cyclin D1 transgene impedes lymphocyte maturation and collaborates in lymphomagenesis with the myc gene. EMBO J 13, 2124-2130 (1994) 205. Serrano M., L. E. Gomez, R. A. DePinho, D. Beach & S. D. Bar: Inhibition of ras-induced proliferation and cellular transformation by p16INK4. Science 267, 249-252 (1995) 206. Haas K., C. Johannes, C. Geisen, T. Schmidt, H. Karsunky, S. Blasskampmann, G. Obe & T. Moroy: Malignant transformation by cyclin E and ha-ras correlates with lower sensitivity towards induction of cell death but requires functional myc and Cdk4. Oncogene 15, 2615-2623 (1997) 207. Bortner D. M. & M. P. Rosenberg: Induction of mammary gland hyperplasia and carcinomas in transgenic mice expressing human cyclin E. Mol Cell Biol 17, 453-459 (1997) 208. Keyomarsi K., N. O'Leary, G. Molnar, E. Lees, H. J. Fingert & A. B. Pardee: Cyclin E, a potential prognostic marker for breast cancer. Cancer Res 54, 380-385 (1994) 209. Porter P. L., K. E. Malone, P. J. Heagerty, G. M. Alexander, L. A. Gatti, E. J. Firpo, J. R. Daling & J. M. Roberts: Expression of cell-cycle regulators p27(kip1) and cyclin E, alone and in combination, correlate with survival in young breast cancer patients. Nature Med 3, 222-225 (1997) 210. Gray-Bablin J., J. Zalvide, M. P. Fox, C. J. Knickerbocker, J. A. DeCaprio & K. Keyomarsi: Cyclin E, a redundant cyclin in breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93, 15215-15220 (1996) 211. Harper J. & S. Elledge: Cdk inhibitors in development and cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev 6, 56-64 (1996) 212. Nakayama K., N. Ishida, M. Shirane, A. Inomata, T. Inoue, N. Shishido, I. Hori, D. Y. Loh & K. Nakayama: Mice lacking p27(kip1) display increased body size, multiple organ hyperplasia, retinal dysplasia, and pituitary tumors. Cell 85, 707-720 (1996) 213. Kiyokawa H., R. D. Kineman, K. O. Manovatodorova, V. C. Soares, E. S. Hoffman, M. Ono, D. Khanam, A. C. Hayday, L. A. Frohman & A. Koff: Enhanced growth of mice lacking the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor function of p27(kip1). Cell 85, 721-732 (1996) 214. Fero M. L., M. Rivkin, M. Tasch, P. Porter, C. E. Carow, E. Firpo, K. Polyak, L. H. Tsai, V. Broudy, R. M. Perlmutter, K. Kaushansky & J. M. Roberts: A syndrome of multiorgan hyperplasia with features of gigantism, tumorigenesis, and female sterility in p27(kip1)-deficient mice. Cell 85, 733-744 (1996) 215. Yan Y., J. Frisen, M. H. Lee, J. Massague & M. Barbacid: Ablation of the CDK inhibitor p57Kip2 results in increased apoptosis and delayed differentiation during mouse development. Genes Dev 11, 973-983 (1997) 216. Zhang P., N. Liégeois, C. Wong, M. Finegold, H. Hou, J. Thompson, A. Silverman, J. Harper, R. DePinho & S. Elledge: Altered cell differentiation and proliferation in mice lacking p57KIP2 indicates a role in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Nature 387, 151-158 (1997) 217. Gao X., Y. Chen, N. Wu, D. Grignon, W. Sakr, A. Porter & K. Honn: Oncogenic mutations of the WAF1/CIP1 gene in primary prostate cancer. Oncogene 11, 1395-1398 (1995) 218. Malkowicz S., J. Tomaszewski, A. Linnenbach, T. Cangiano, Y. Maruta & T. McGarvey: Novel p21 mutations in superficial and invasive transitional cell carcinomas. Oncogene 13, 1831-1837 (1996) 219. Thompson J., K. Reese, M. DeBaun, E. Perlman & A. Feinberg: Reduced expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor gene p57KIP2 in Wilms' tumor. Cancer Res 56, 5723-5727 (1996) 220. Catzavelos C., N. Bhattacharva, Y. C. Ung, J. A. Wilson, L. Roncari, C. Sandhu, P. Shaw, H. Yeger, I. Morava-Protzner, L. Kapusta, E. Franssen, K. I. Pritchard & J. M. Slingerland: Decreased levels of the cell-cycle inhibitor p27Kip1 protein: Prognostic implications in primary breast cancer. Nature Med 3, 227-230 (1997) 221. Loda M., B. Cukor, S. W. Tam, P. Lavin, M. Fiorentino, G. F. Draetta, J. M. Jessup & M. Pagano: Increased proteasome-dependent degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 in agressive colorectal carcinomas. Nature Med 3, 231-234 (1997) 222. Xie J. W., M. Murone, S. M. Luoh, A. Ryan, Q. M. Gu, C. H. Zhang, J. M. Bonifas, C. W. Lam, M. Hynes, A. Goddard, A. Rosenthal, E. H. Epstein & F. J. Desauvage: Activating smoothened mutations in sporadic basal-cell carcinoma. Nature 391, 90-92 (1998) 223. Hunter T.: Oncoprotein networks. Cell 88, 333-346 (1997) |