SNPs associated with prostate cancer risk and prognosis
Susan L. Naylor
Department of Cellular & Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900
TABLE OF CONTENTS
- 1. Abstract
- 2. Introduction
- 3. Steroid metabolism
- 3.1. The androgen receptor (AR)
- 3.2. Steroid 5 alpha reductase (SRD5A2)
- 3.3. Cytochromes
- 3.4. Hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 (HSD3B) and hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase (HSD17B)
- 3.5 UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2B15 (UGT2B15)
- 3.6. Estrogen receptor (ER)
- 3.7. Vitamin D receptor (VDR)
- 3.8. Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)
- 4. Oxidative stress
- 4.1. Glutathione S transferase (GSTP1, GSTM1, and GSTT1)
- 4.2. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD)
- 5. Cell Cycle and tumor suppressor genes
- 5.1. p53
- 5.2. Transforming growth factor b
- 5.3. Cyclin D1
- 6. Cell Adhesion
- 7. DNA repair
- 7.1. 8- oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1)
- 7.2. X-ray repair complementary group 1 (XRCC1) and O6 methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT)
- 7.3. Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS1) or nibrin (NBN)
- 8. Angiogenesis
- 8.1. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
- 8.2. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (HIF1A)
- 8.3. Fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4)
- 8.4. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (ecNOS)
- 8.5. Endostatin
- 9. Metabolic Markers
- 9.1. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1)
- 9.2. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3)
- 9.3. Insulin (INS)
- 9.4. Insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1)
- 9.5. Leptin
- 10. Common variants in familial prostate cancer genes
- 10.1. ELAC2
- 10.2. RNASEL
- 10.3. MSR1
- 11. Other cancer syndrome studies
- 11.1. Breast cancer gene (BRCA2)
- 11.2. Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)
- 11.3. Checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2)
- 11.4. PTEN
- 12. Perspective
- 13. Acknowledgment
- 14. References
1. ABSTRACT
Studies of the genetic influences on prostate cancer have indicated that there are familial genes that account for only a small fraction of the genetic components of prostate cancer. Many investigators have investigated the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes with an increased risk in prostate cancer. The types of candidates examined include genes in steroid metabolism, oxidative stress, and DNA repair as well as common variants of genes found by family studies. These analyses have identified some SNPs that are associated with prostate cancer risk. A complete genetic snapshot of prosatate cancer risk will only be obtained when all the genetic risk factors are identified and combined with other known markers of risk.
