[Frontiers in Bioscience 14, 1023-1067, January 1, 2009]

Bone cells-biomaterials interactions

Marie-Eve Marquis1, Etienne Lord1, Eric Bergeron1, Olivier Drevelle1, Hyunjin Park1, Francois Cabana2, Helena Senta1, Nathalie Faucheux1

1Laboratory of Cells-Biomaterials Biohybrid Systems, Universite de Sherbrooke, Chemical Engineering Department, 2500, Universite Blvd, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1K 2R1, 2Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Surgery Department, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1H 5N4

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Bone histology
3.1. Bone cells
3.1.1. Osteoblasts
3.1.2. Osteocytes
3.1.3. Osteoclasts
3.2. Bone remodeling
3.3. Bone matrix
3.3.1. Osteoid
3.3.2. Mineral phase
3.4. Regulation of bone cell behavior
3.4.1. Osteoblasts
3.4.2. Osteoclasts
4. Cell adhesions
4.1. Integrins
4.1.1. Structure
4.1.2. Integrin expression by osteoblasts and osteoclasts
4.2. Types of cell adhesions
4.2.1. Osteoblasts
4.2.2. Osteoclasts
4.3. Signal transduction for osteoblasts and osteoclasts
4.3.1. Mechanical stress
4.3.2. ERK MAPK
4.3.3. Rho GTPases family
4.4. Influence of ECM-integrin interactions on cell behavior
4.4.1. Cell differentiation
4.4.2. Crosstalk between the integrin and growth factor pathways
5. Influence of biomaterial properties on cell behavior in 2D systems
5.1. Bone substitutes
5.1.1. Inorganic materials
5.1.2. Natural and synthetic polymers
5.1.3. Composite materials
5.2. Surface properties
5.2.1. Topography
5.2.2. Chemistry and wettability
5.2.3. Charge
5.3. Biomimetic materials
5.3.1. Homogeneous peptide-modified surfaces
5.3.2. Mixed peptide surfaces
6. Influence of biomaterial properties on cells in 3D systems
6.1. Mechanotransduction
6.1.1. Effects of the 3D systems on integrins
6.1.2. Effects of shear stress and cyclic strain on cell behavior
6.2. Scaffolds
6.2.1. Fabrication processes
6.2.2. Architecture
6.2.3. Nanostructure
6.3. Vascularization
6.3.1. Cell culture conditions
6.3.2. Vascularization prior to implantation
6.3.3. Scaffold modifications
6.4. Bioreactors
7. Conclusion
8. Perspectives
9. Acknowledgements
10. References

1. ABSTRACT

With the aging population, the incidence of bone defects due to fractures, tumors and infection will increase. Therefore, bone replacement will become an ever bigger and more costly problem. The current standard for bone replacement is autograft, because these transplants are osteoconductive and osteoinductive. However, harvesting an autograft requires additional surgery at the donor site that is related to high level of morbidity. In addition, the quantity of bone tissue that can be harvested is limited. These limitations have necessitated the pursuit of alternatives using biomaterials. The control of bone tissue cell adhesion to biomaterials is an important requirement for the successful incorporation of implants or the colonization of scaffolds for tissue repair. Controlling cells-biomaterials interactions appears of prime importance to influence subsequent biological processes such as cell proliferation and differentiation. Therefore, interactions of cells with biomaterials have been widely studied especially on two-dimensional systems. This review focuses on these interactions.