[Frontiers in Bioscience 14, 4588-4597, January 1, 2009]

[Frontiers in Bioscience 14, 4588-4597, January 1, 2009]

Development and use of animal models to advance tendinopathy research

Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Indiana University, 1140 W. Michigan St., CF-326, Indianapolis, IN 46202

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Benefits of animal models in tendinopathy research
4. Development and pathology of human tendinopathy: 4.1. Risk factors for tendinopathy in humans; 4.2. Pathology of human tendinopathy
5. Development of tendinosis in animal models
6. Outcome measures in animal models of tendinosis
7. Current animal models of tendinosis: 7.1. Rat model of supraspinatus tendinosis; 7.2. Rat model of patellar tendinosis; 7.3. Rabbit model of flexor digitorum profundus tendinosis
8. Limitations of animal models in tendinopathy research
9. Enhancing outcomes from animal studies
10. Conclusions and perspectives

1. ABSTRACT

Tendon overuse resulting in the development of tendinopathy is a common and significant clinical problem. Until recently, the pathology underlying tendinopathy was thought to be associated with inflammation and was subsequently categorized as 'tendinitis'. However, histopathological studies have indicated the underlying pathology to be one of failed healing or degeneration ('tendinosis'). This clarification and correct labeling of the pathology has substantially altered clinical thinking and management of tendon overuse conditions. It has also stimulated interest in new lines of tendon research. To rapidly understand more about clinical tendinopathy, there is a need for validated animals of the underlying pathology. This paper discusses the use of animal models in tendinopathy research. It discusses the benefits and development of animal models of tendinopathy, highlights outcome measures that may be used in animal tendon research, reviews current animal models of tendinopathy, and discusses methods to enhance outcomes from animal models. With further development of animal models of tendinopathy, new strategies for the prevention and treatment of tendinopathy in humans may be generated.