Stroma-mediated expression of estrogen and its role in cancer
Mohit Sachdeva1, Yin-Yuan Mo1
1
Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine and Simmons Cooper Cancer Institute, Springfield, IL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
- 1. Abstract
- 2. Introduction
- 3. Estrogens in normal tissue development
- 3.1. Breast
- 3.2. Prostate
- 3.3. Endometrium
- 4. Imbalance in estrogen signaling and cancer
- 4.1. The aromatase gene and its regulation
- 4.2. Aromatase structure and function
- 4.3. Expression in normal and cancer tissues
- 4.4. Aromatase knockouts (ArKO)
- 5. Preventive and curative measure against estrogen imbalance
- 5.1. Against receptors-SERMs
- 5.1.1. Tamoxifen
- 5.1.2. Raloxifene
- 5.1.3. Toremifene
- 5.2. Aromatase inhibitors
- 5.2.1. First- and second-generation aromatase inhibitors
- 5.2.1.1. Aminoglutathemide:
- 5.2.1.2. 4-Hydroxyandrostenedione
- 5.2.2. Third-generation aromatase inhibitors
- 5.2.2.1. Anastrazole
- 5.2.2.2. Letrozole
- 5.2.2.3. Exemestane
- 6. Genes involved in hormonal imbalance cancer
- 7. Summary
- 8. Reference
1. ABSTRACT
Several hormones are well known for their role in tumorigenesis. Among them estrogen is the best characterized hormone. In particular, stromal tissue-produced estrogen plays a key role in breast tumor development and progression, highlighting the importance of communications between stromal tissue and tumor cells in the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we update our current understanding of stroma-mediated expression of hormones (estrogen) and their role in tumorigenesis, focusing on how aromatase produced in stromal tissue affects tumor cell growth. We also briefly touch on hormone therapy involving selective estrogen receptor modulators and aromatase inhibitors.
