[Frontiers in Bioscience S2, 677-684, January 1, 2010]

Novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for prostate cancer

Ryan M. Williams, Rajesh K. Naz

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Health Sciences Center North, Room 2085, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9186

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Discussion
3.1.Transmembrane Proteins
3.1.1. Prostate-specific G-protein coupled Receptor (PSGR)
3.1.2. Dresden G-protein coupled receptor (D-GPCR)
3.1.3. Six transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate (STEAP)
3.1.4. Human novel prostate-specific antigen (hNPSA)
3.1.5. Human prostate-specific gene-1 (HPG-1)
3.1.6. New gene expressed in prostate-long (NGEP-L)
3.1.7. Transient receptor potential (Trp)-p8
3.1.8. Prostate transmembrane protein, androgen-induced 1 (PMEPA1)
3.2. Golgi membrane proteins
3.2.1. Prostein
3.2.2. Six transmembrane protein of prostate 1 (STAMP1)
3.2.3. Golgi membrane protein 1 (GOLM1)
3.3. Endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins
3.3.1. Dresden transmembrane protein of the prostate (D-TMPP)
3.4. Transcription factors
3.4.1. Prostate leucine zipper (PrLZ)
3.4.2. Androgen induced bZIP (AIbZIP)
3.4.3. Prostate cancer-associated diagnostic marker-1 (PCADM-1)
3.5. Carbohydrate Binding Proteins
3.5.1. Prostate carcinoma tumor antigen (PCTA-1)
3.6. DNA Repair Enzymes
3.6.1. Prostate cancer antigen-1 (PCA-1)
3.7. Growth Factors
3.7.1. Prostate androgen-regulated transcript 1 (PART-1)
3.8. Proteins of Unknown Function
3.8.1. Dresden prostate cancer 2 (D-PCa-2)
3.8.2. Kallikrein-related in prostate 1 (KRIP1)
3.8.3. New gene expressed in prostate-short (NGEP-S)
3.9. Metabolites
3.9.1. Sarcosine
3.9.2. Citrate
4. Conclusions
5. Acknowledgements
6. References

1. ABSTRACT

Prostate cancer is the most prevalent cancer in the Western male population and the second leading cause of cancer death in men, affecting over 10 million individuals. Present approaches to control the cancer mortality have focused on the detection of the cancer at early stages when it is still locally confined and may be curable. Identification of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has facilitated the early diagnosis of prostate cancer. However, PSA has limited specificity and sensitivity in appropriately detecting early stages of abnormal prostate growth. PSA levels fail to differentiate between indolent and

aggressive cancers, do not correlate with tumor size, and cross-react with other serine proteases namely, glandular kallikreins 1 and 2. Besides cancer, its levels also increase in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatitis, and other non-malignancies. Additional prostate-specific genes and metabolites need to be identified to provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of prostate physiology and pathophysiology. Novel markers for the diagnosis and development of new treatment modalities are urgently needed.