Atherosclerotic renovascular disease (ARVD) is associated with a high rate of cardiovascular disease and mortality. ARVD is an independent risk factor for adverse outcome in coronary artery disease and there is a correlation between the presence of ARVD and severity of cardiovascular disease. ARVD is the most common cause of secondary hypertension and can be found in up to half of elderly patients with chronic heart failure. Abnormal cardiac structure and / or function will be present in 95% of ARVD patients, with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and diastolic dysfunction the predominant abnormalities. These are likely to be due in part to over-activity of the renin-angiotensin pathway. Up to now, randomised trials have shown no benefit of renal artery revascularisation over medical therapy in terms of cardiovascular events but small case series clearly demonstrate situations where cardiac structure and function respond to revascularisation. Future strategies must focus on accurately identifying sub-groups of ARVD patients for whom revascularisation should be first line therapy.