WHOLE BLOOD, SERUM AND PLASMA CHEMISTRY
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TYPICAL REFERENCE INTERVALS |
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|
COMPONENT |
SYSTEM |
CONVENTIONAL UNITS |
FACTOR |
RECOMMENDED SI UNITS |
|
Acetoacetic Acid Qualitative Quantitative |
Serum Serum |
Negative 0.2-1.0 mg/dL |
--- 97.95 |
Negative 20-100 mmol/L |
|
Acetone Qualitative Quantitative |
Serum Serum |
Negative 0.3-2.0 mg/dL |
--- 172.95 |
Negative 20-340 mmol/L |
|
Albumin Qualitative |
Serum |
3.2-4.5 g/dL(salt fractionation) 3.2-5.6 g/dL(electrophoresis) 3.8-5.0 g/dL (dye binding) |
10 |
32-45 g/L 32-56 g/L 38-50 g/L |
|
Alcohol, ethyl |
Serum or Whole Blood |
Negative--but presented as mg/dL |
0.2171 |
Negative --but present as mmol/L |
|
Aldolase |
Serum adults children newborn |
3-8 Sibley-Lehninger U/dL at 37 oCApproximately 2 times adult levels Approximately 4 times adult levels |
7.4 |
22-59 mU/L at 37 oCApproximately 2 times adult levels Approximately 4 times adult levels |
|
a -Amino acid nitrogen |
Serum |
3.6-7.0 U/dL |
0.7139 |
2.6-5.0 mmol/L |
|
d- Aminolevulinic acid |
Serum |
0.01-0.03mg/dL |
76.26 |
0.8-2.3 mmol/L |
|
Ammonia |
Plasma |
20-120 mg/dL(diffusion)40-80 mg/dL(enzymatic method)12-48 mg/dL(resin method) |
0.5872 |
12-70 m mol/L 23-47 mmol/L7-28 mmol/L |
|
Amylase |
Serum |
16-120 Somogyi units/dL |
1.85 |
30-220 U/L |
|
Argininosuccinate lyase |
Serum |
0-4 U/dL |
10 |
0-40 U/L |
|
Arsenic++ |
Whole blood |
<7 mg/dL |
0.05055 |
<0.4 mmol/L |
|
Ascorbic Acid (vitamin C) |
Plasma Whole blood |
0.6-1.6 mg/dL 0.7-2.0 mg/dL |
56.78 |
34-91 mmol/L40-114 mmol/L |
|
Barbiturates |
Serum, Plasma or Whole blood |
Negative |
--- |
Negative |
|
Base excess |
Whole blood Male Female |
-3.3 to +1.2 mEq/L -2.4 to +2.3 mEq/L |
1 |
-3.3 to +1.2 mmol/L -2.4 to +2.3 mmol/L |
|
Base, total |
Serum |
145-160 mEq/L |
1 |
145-160 mmol/L |
|
Bicarbonate |
Plasma |
21-28 mmol/L |
1 |
21-28 mmol/L |
|
Bile acids |
Serum |
0.3-3.0 mg/dL |
10 |
3.0-30.0 mg/L |
|
Bilirubin Direct (conjugated) Indirect (unconjugated) Total Newborns Total |
Serum |
<0.3 mg/dL 0.1-1.0 mg/dL 0.1-1.2 mg/dL 1.0-12.0 mg/dL |
17.10 |
<5 mmol/L2-17 mmol/L2-21 mmol/L17-205 mmol/L |
|
Blood Gases PH
Pco 2Po 2 |
Whole Blood Whole Blood Whole Blood |
7.38-7.44 (arterial) 7.36-7.41(venous) 35-40mm Hg (arterial) 40-45mm Hg (venous) 95-100mm Hg(arterial) |
1 0.1333 0.1333 |
7.38-7.44 7.36-7.41 4.7-5.3 kPa 5.3-6.0 kPa 12.7-13.3 kPa |
|
Bromide |
Serum |
<5 mg/dL |
0.125 |
<0.63 mmol/L |
|
Calcium Ionized
Total |
Serum
Serum |
4.0-4.8 mg/dL 2.0-2.4 mEq/L 30-58% of total 9.2-11.0 mg/dL 4.6-5.5 mEq/L |
0.2500 0.5000 0.01 0.2500 0.5000 |
1.00-1.20 mmol/L 0.30-1.58 of total 2.30-2.74 mmol/L |
|
Carbon Dioxide(CO 2 content) |
Whole Blood (arterial) Plasma or Serum (arterial) |
19-24 mmol/L 21-28 mmol/L |
1 |
19-24 mmol/L 21-28 mmol/L |
|
Carbon Dioxide |
Whole blood (venous) Plasma or Serum(venous) |
22-26 mmol/L 24-30 mmol/L |
1 |
22-26 mmol/L 24-30 mmol/L |
|
CO 2 combining power |
Plasma or Serum(venous) |
24-30 mmol/L |
1 |
24-30 mmol/L |
|
CO 2 partial pressure (Pco2) |
Whole Blood (arterial) Whole Blood (venous) |
35-40 mm Hg 40-45 mm Hg |
0.1333 |
4.7-5.3 kPa 5.3-6.0 kPa |
|
Carbonic acid (H 2CO3) |
Whole Blood (arterial) Whole Blood (venous) Plasma (venous) |
1.05-1.45 mmol/L 1.15-1.50 mmol/L 1.02-1.38 mmol/L |
1 |
1.05-1.45 mmol/L 1.15-1.50 mmol/L 1.02-1.38bmmol/L |
|
Carboxyhemoglobin (carbon monoxide hemoglobin) |
Whole blood suburban nonsmokers smokers heavy smokers |
<1.5% saturation of hemoglobin 1.5-5.0% saturation 5.0-9.0% saturation |
0.01 |
Fraction hemoglobin saturated: <0.015 0.015-0.050 0.050-0.090 |
|
Carotene beta |
Serum |
40-200 Fg/dL |
0.01863 |
0.73.7 mmol/L |
|
Ceruloplasmin |
Serum |
23-50 mg/dL |
10 |
230-500 mg/L |
|
Chloride |
Serum |
95-103 mEq/L |
1 |
95-103mmol/L |
|
Cholesteral Total Esters |
Serum Serum |
150-250 mg/dL (varies with diet, sex, and age) 65-75% of total cholesterol |
0.02586 0.01 |
3.88-6.47 mmol/L Fraction of total cholesterol: 0.65-0.75 |
|
Cholinesterase (pseudocholinesterase) |
Erythrocytes Plasma |
0.65-1.3 pH units 0.5-1.3 pH units 8-18 U/L at 37 EC |
1 1 |
0.65-1.3 pH units Š0.5-1.3 pH units 8-18 U/L at 37 EC |
|
Citrate |
Serum or Plasma |
1.7-3.0 mg/dL |
52.05 |
88-156 mmol/L |
|
Copper |
Serum or Plasma Male Female |
70-140 Fg/dL80-155 Fg/dL |
0.1574 |
11-22 mmol/L13-24 mmol/L |
|
Cortisol |
Plasma 8am-10am 4pm-6pm |
5-23 Fg/dL3-13 Fg/dL |
27.59 |
138-635 nmol/L 83-359 nmol/L |
|
Creatine |
Serum or Plasma Male Female |
0.1-0.4 mg/dL 0.2-0.7 mg/dL |
76.25 |
8-31 mmol/L15-53 mmol/L |
|
Creatine kinase(CK) |
Serum Male Female |
55-170 U/L at 37 EC30-135 U/L at 37 EC |
1 1 |
55-170 U/L at 37 EC30-135 U/L at 37 EC |
|
Creatinine |
Serum or Plasma |
0.6-1.2 mg/dL (adult) 0.3-0.6 mg/dL (children <2y) |
88.40 |
53-106 mmol/L27-53 mmol/L |
|
Creatinine clearence (endogenous) |
Serum or Plasma and Urine Male Female |
107-139 mL/min 87-107 mL/min |
0.01667 |
1.78-2.32 mL/s 1.45-1.78 mL/s |
|
Cryoglobulins |
Serum |
Negative |
--- |
Negative |
|
Electrophoresis, protein Albumin Alpha-1 Alpha-2 Beta Gamma Albumin Alpha-1 Alpha-2 Beta Gamma |
Serum
Serum
|
52-65% of total protien 2.5-5.0% of total protien 7.0-13.0% of total protien 8.0-14.0% of total protien 12.0-22.0% of total protien Concentration 3.2-5.6 g/dL 0.1-0.4 g/dL 0.4-1.2 g/dL 0.5-1.1 g/dL 0.5-1.6 g/dL |
0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 10 |
Fraction of total protien: 0.52-0.65 0.025-0.05 0.07-0.13 0.08-0.14 0.12-0.22 32-56 gL 1-4 gL 4-12 gL 5-11 gL 5-16 gL |
|
Fats, nuetral (see Triglycerides) |
|
|
|
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Fatty Acids Total (free and esterified) Free (nonesterified) |
Serum Plasma |
9-15 mmol/L 300-480 FEq/L |
1 1 |
9-15 mmol/L 300-480 mmol/L |
|
Ferritin Male Female |
|
15-200ng/mL 12-150 ng/mL |
1 1 |
15-200 mg/L15-150 mg/L |
|
Fibrinogen |
Plasma |
200-400 mg/dL |
0.01 |
2.00-4.00 g/L |
|
Fluoride |
Whole Blood |
<0.05 mg/dL |
0.5263 |
<0.027 mmol/L |
|
Folate |
Serum Erythrocytes |
5-25 ng/mL(bioassay) >2.3 ng/mL (radioassay) 166-640 ng/mL (bioassay) >140 ng/mL (radioassay) |
2.266 |
11-57 nmol/L >5nmol/L 376-1450 nmol/L >317 nmol/L |
|
Galactose |
Whole Blood Adults Children |
None <20 mg/dL |
0.05551 |
None <1.11 mmol/L |
|
Gamma globulin |
Serum |
0.5-1.6 g/dL |
10 |
5-16 g/L |
|
Globulins, total |
Serum |
2.3-3.5 g/dL |
10 |
23-35 g/L |
|
Glucose, fasting |
Serum or Plasma Whole Blood |
70-110 mg/dL 60-100 mg/dL |
0.05551 |
3.9-6.1 mmol/L 3.3-5.6 mmol/L |
|
Glucose tolerance Oral
Intravenous |
Serum or Plasma Fasting 30 min 60 min 120 min 180 min Serum or Plasma Fasting 30 min 60 min 120 min 180 min |
70-110 mg/dL 30-60 mg/dL above fasting 20-50 mg/dL above fasting 5-15 mg/dL above fasting Fasting level or below 70-110mg/dL Maximum of 250 mg/dL Significant decrease Below 120 mg/dL Fasting level |
0.05551 |
3.9-6.1 mmol/L 1.7-3.3 mmol/L above fasting 1.1-2.8 mmol/L above fasting 0.3-0.8 mmol/L above fasting Fasting level or below 3.9-6.1 mmol/L Maximum of 13.9 mmol/L Significant decrease Below 6.7 mmol/L Fasting level |
|
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) |
Erythrocytes |
250-5000 units/ 106cells 1200-2000 mIU/mL packed erythrocytes |
1 1 |
250-5000 munits/cell1200-2000 U/L packed erythrocytes |
|
g -Glutamyltransferase |
Serum |
5-40 IU/L |
1 |
5-40 U/L at 37 EC |
|
Glutathione |
Whole Blood |
24-37 mg/dL |
0.03254 |
0.78-1.20 mmol/L |
|
Growth hormone |
Serum |
<10 ng/mL |
1 |
<10 mg/L |
|
Guanase |
Serum |
<3 nmol/mL/min |
1 |
<3 U/L at 37 EC |
|
Haptoglobin |
Serum |
60-270 mg/dL |
0.01 |
0.6-2.7 g/L |
|
Hemoglobin |
Serum or Plasma Qualitative Quantitative Whole Blood Female Male |
Negative 0.5-5.0 mg/dL 12.0-16.0 g/dL 13.5-18.0 g/dL |
--- 10 10 |
Negative 5-50 mg/L 120-160 g/L 135-180 g/L |
|
a -Hydoxybutyrate dehydronase |
Serum |
140-350 U/mL |
1 |
140-350 kU/L |
|
17- Hydroxycorticosteroids |
Plasma Male Female After 24 USP Units of ACTH I.M. |
7-19 Fg/dL9-21 Fg/dL
35-55 Fg/dL |
25.591 |
193-524 nmol/L 248-579 nmol/L
966-1517 nmol/L |
|
Immunoglobulins: IgG IgA IgM IgD IgE |
Serum |
800-1801 mg/dL 113-563 mg/dL 54-222 mg/dL 0.5-3.0 mg/dL 0.01-0.04 mg/dL |
0.01
10 |
8.0-18.0 g/L 1.1-5.6 g/L 0.5-2.2 g/L 5.0-30.0 mg/L 0.1-0.4 mg/L |
|
Insulin |
Plasma Bioassay Radioumunoassay |
11-240 FIU/mL4-24 FIU/mL |
7.175++ |
79-1722 pmol/L 29-172 pmol/L |
|
Insulin tolerance (0.1 unit/kg) |
Serum Fasting 30 min 90 min |
Glucoseof 70-110 mg/dL Fall to 50% of fasting level Fasting level |
0.05551 0.01 |
Glucose of 3.9-6.1 mmol/L Fall to 0.5 of fasting level Fasting level |
|
Iron, total |
Serum |
60-150 Fg/dL |
0.1719 |
10.7-26.9 mmol/L |
|
Iron-binding capacity |
Serum |
250-400 Fg/dL |
0.1719 |
44.8-71.6 mmol/L |
|
Iron Saturation |
Serum |
20-55% |
0.01 |
Fraction of total iron-biding capacity : 0.20-0.55 |
|
Isocitric dehydrogenase |
Serum |
50-240 units/mL at 25 EC(Wolfson-Williams Ashman units) |
0.0166 |
0.83-4.18 U/L at 25 EC |
|
Ketone bodies |
Serum |
Nagative |
--- |
Negative |
|
17- Ketosteroids |
Plasma |
25-125 Fg/dL |
34.67 W |
866-4334 nmol/L |
|
Lactic acid (as lactate) |
Whole Blood Venous Arterial |
5-20 mg/dL 3-7 mg/dL |
0.1110 |
0.6-2.2 mmo/L 0.3-0.8 mmol/L |
|
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LD) |
Serum |
(lactate 6pyruvate) 80-120 units at 30ECpyruvate 6lactate)185-640 units at 30EClactate 6pyruvate) 100-190 U/L at 37EC |
0.48
1 |
38-62 U/L at 30 EC90-310 U/L at 30 EC100-190 U/L at 37 EC |
|
Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes LD1 (anode) LD2 LD3 LD4 LD5 (cathode) |
Serum |
17-27% 27-37% 18-25% 3-8% 0-5% |
0.01 |
Fraction of total LD 0.017-0.27 0.27-0.37 0.18-0.25 0.03 -0.08 0.00-0.05 |
|
Lactate Dehydrogenase (heat stable) |
Serum |
30-60% of total |
0.01 |
Fraction of total LD: 0.30-060 |
|
Lactose tolerance |
Serum |
Serum glucose changes similar to glucose tolerance tests |
--- |
Serum glucose changes similar to glucose tolerance test |
|
Lead |
Whole blood |
<50 Fg/dL |
0.04826 |
<2.41 mmol/L |
|
Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) |
Serum Male Female |
80-200 U/mL (Goldbarg-Rutenberg) 75-185 U/mL (Goldbarg-Rutenberg) |
0.24 |
19.2-48.0 U/L 18.0-44.4 U/L |
|
Lipase |
Serum |
0-1.5 U/mL (Cherry-Crandall) 14-280 mIU/mL |
278 1 |
0-417 U/L 14-280 U/L |
|
Lipids, total Cholesterol Triglycerides Phospholipids Fatty acids (free) Phospholipid phosphorus |
Serum |
400-800 mg/dL 150-250 mg/dL 10-90 mg/dL 150-380 mg/dL 9.0-15.0 mmol/L 8.0-11.0 mg/dL |
0.01 0.02586 0.01129** 0.01 1 0.3229 |
4.00-8.00 g/L 3.88-6.47 mmol/L 0.11-2.15 mmol/L 1.50-3.80 g/L 9.0-15.0 mmol/L 2.58-3.55 mmol/L |
|
Lithium therapeutic interval |
Serum |
Negative 0.5-1.4 mEq/L |
--- 1 |
Negative 0.5-1.4 mmol/L |
|
Long-acting thyroid-stimulating hormone (LATS) |
Serum |
None detected |
--- |
None detected |
|
Luteinizing hormone(LH) |
Serum Male Female |
6-30 mIU/mL Midcycle peak: 3 times baseline value Premenopausal <30 mIU/mL Postmenopausal>35 mIU/mL |
1 |
6-30 IU/L Midcycle peak: 3 times baseline value Premenopausal <30 IU/L Postmenopausal>35 IU/L |
|
Macrogobulins, total |
Serum |
70-430 mg/dL |
0.01 |
0.7-4.3 g/L |
|
Methemoglobin |
Whole Blood |
<0.24 g/dL <1% of total hemoglobin |
10 0.01 |
<2.4 g/L Fraction of total hemoglobin <0.01 |
|
Mucoprotien |
Serum |
80-200 mg/dL |
0.01 |
0.8-2.0 g/L |
|
Muramidase |
Serum |
4-13 mg/L |
|
4-13 mg/L |
|
Myoglobin |
Serum |
<90 Fg/L |
|
<90 mg/L |
|
Nonprotien nitrogen (NPN) |
Serum or Plasma Whole Blood |
20-35 mg/dL 25-50 mg/dL |
0.7139 |
14.3-25.0 mmol/L 17.8-35.7 mmol/L |
|
5'- Nucleotidase |
Serum |
0-1.6 units at 37 EC |
1 |
0-1.6 units at 37 EC |
|
Ornithine carbamyl transferase |
Serum |
8-20 mIU/mL at 37 EC |
1 |
8-20 U/L at 37 EC |
|
Osmoality |
Serum |
280-295 mOsm/kg |
1 |
280-295 mmol/kg |
|
Oxygen Pressure (Po2) Content Saturation |
Whole Blood (arterial) Whole Blood (arterial) Whole Blood (arterial) |
95-100 mm Hg 15-23 volume % 94-100% |
0.1333 0.01 |
12.7-13.3 kPa Volume fraction: 0.15-0.23 Fraction saturated: 0.94-1.00 |
|
pH |
Whole Blood (arterial) Whole Blood (venous) Serum or Plasma (venous) |
7.38-7.44 7.36-7.41 7.35-7.45 |
1 |
7.38-7.44 7.36-7.41 7.35-7.45 |
|
Phenylalanine |
Serum Adults Newborns (term) |
<3.0 mg/dL 1.2-3.5 mg/dL |
60.54 |
<182 mmmol/L73-212 mmmol/L |
|
Phosphatase Acid phosphatase Alkaline phosphatase |
Serum Serum |
0.13-0.63 U/L at 37 EC(p-nitrophenylophophate) 20-130 IU/L at 37 EC(p-nitrophenylophophate in AMP buffer) |
16.67 1 |
2.2-10.5 U/L at 37 EC20-130 U/L at 37 EC |
|
Phospholipid phosphorus see (Lipids, total) |
|
|
|
|
|
Phospholipids see (Lipids, total) |
|
|
|
|
|
Phosphorus, inorganic |
Serum Adults Children |
2.3-4.7 mg/dL 4.0-7.0 mg/dL |
0.3229 |
0.74-1.52 mmol/L 1.29-2.26 mmol/L |
|
Potassium |
Plasma |
3.8-5.0 mEq/L |
1 |
3.8-5.0 mmol/L |
|
Prolactin |
Serum Female Male |
1-25 ng/mL 1-20 ng/mL |
1 |
1-25 mg/L1-20 mg/L |
|
Protiens Total Albumin Globulin |
Serum |
6.0-7.8 g/dL 3.2-4.5 g/dL 2.3-3.5 g/dL |
10 |
60-78 g/L 32-45 g/L 23-35 g/L |
|
Protien fractionation |
|
See electophoresis |
|
See electrophoresis |
|
Protoporphyrin |
Erythrocytes |
15-50 mg/dL |
0.01777 |
0.27-0.89 mmol/L |
|
Pyruvate |
Whole Blood |
0.3-0.9 mg/dL |
113.6 |
34-102 mmol/L |
|
Salicylates Therapeutic interval |
Serum |
Negative 15-30 mg/dL |
--- 0.07240 |
negative 1.08-2.17 mmol/L |
|
Sodium |
Plasma |
136-142 mEq/L |
1 |
136-142 mmol/L |
|
Sulfate, inorganic |
Serum |
0.2-1.3 mEq/L 0.9-6.0 mg/dL as SO4 |
0.5 0.1042 |
0.10-0.65 mmol/L 0.09-0.63 mmol/L as SO4 |
|
Sulfhemoglobin |
Whole Blood |
Negative |
--- |
Negative |
|
Sulfonamides |
Serum or Whole Blood |
Negative |
--- |
Negative |
|
Testosterone |
Serum or Plasma Male Female |
300-1200 ng/dL 30-95 ng/dL |
0.03467 |
10.4-41.6nmol/L 1.0-3.3 nmol/L |
|
Thiocyanate |
Serum |
Negative |
--- |
Negative |
|
Thyroid hormone tests Thyroxine, total (T4) Thyroxine, free (FT4) T3 resin uptake Thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) Thyrotropin (TSH) Triiodothyronine (T3) |
Serum
Serum Serum |
5.5-12.5 Fg/dL0.9-2.3 ng/dL 25-38 relative % uptake 10-26 Fg/dL0.5-5 FIU/mL80-200 mg/dL |
12.87 12.87 0.01 10
0.0154 |
17-161 nmol/L 12-30 pmol/L Relative uptake fraction: 0.25-0.38 100-260 mg/L0.5-5 mIU/mL1.23-3 of nmol/L |
|
Transferasis Aspartate amino transferase (AST or SGOT) Alanine amino transferase(ALT or SGPT) Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) |
Serum
Serum
|
8-33 U/L at 37 EC
4-36 U/L at 37 EC
5-40 IU/L 37 EC |
1
1
1 |
8-33 U/L at 37 EC
4-36 U/L at 37 EC
5-40 IU/L 37 EC |
|
Triglycerides |
Serum |
10-190 mg/dL |
0.01129** |
0.11-2.15 mmol/L |
|
Troponin I |
Serum |
0-0.6 mg/ml |
|
0-0.6 mg/L |
|
Troponin T |
Serum |
0-0.1 Fmg/L |
|
0-0.1 mg/L |
|
Urea nitrogen |
Serum |
8-23 mg/dL |
0.357 |
2.9-8.2 mmol/L |
|
Urea clearance Maximum clearance Standard clearance |
Serum and Urine |
64-99 mL/min 41-65 mL/min, or more than 75% of normal clearance |
0.01667 |
1.07-1.65 L/s 0.68-1.08 L/s or more than 0.75 of normal clearance |
|
Uric acid |
Serum Male Female |
4.0-8.5 mg/dL 2.7-7.3 mg/dL |
0.05948 |
0.24-0.51 mmol/L 0.16-0.43 mmol/L |
|
Vitamin A |
Serum |
15-60 Fg/dL |
0.03491 |
0.52-2.09 mmol/L |
|
Vitamin A tolerance |
Serum Fasting 3h or 6h after 5000 units Vitamin A/kg 24h |
15-60 Fg/dL200-600 Fg/dLFasting values or slightly above |
0.03491
--- |
0.52-2.09 mmol/L6.98-20.95 mmol/LFasting values or slightly above |
|
Vitamin B12 |
Serum |
160-950 pg/ml |
0.7378 |
118-701 pmol/L |
|
Unsaturated vitamin B12 -binding capacity |
Serum |
1000-2000 pg/ml |
0.7378 |
738-1475 pmol/L |
|
Vitamin C |
Plasma |
0.6-1.6 mg/dL |
56.78 |
34-91 mmol/L |
|
Xylose absorption |
Serum Normal In malabsorbtion |
25-40 mg/dL between 1 and 2h Maximum approximately 10 mg/dL Dose: adult 25 g D-xylose Children 0.5 g D-xylose/kg |
0.06661 |
1.67-2.66 mmol/L between 1 and 2 h Maximum approximately 0.67 mmol/L |
|
Zinc |
Serum |
50-150 Fg/dL |
0.1530 |
7.7-23.0 mmol/L |