Copyright © 1995
to the "Frontiers in Bioscience"
 The first two weeks
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 During the embryogenesis of human embryo, the development of each organ may be impaired during specific time periods. As illustrated, such impairment leads to congenital anomalies. After such critical periods, the environmental factors cause either minor congenital anomalies or lead to functional abnormalities.
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Major congenital anomalies |
Functional defects and minor anomalies |
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Masculinization of female genitalia |
External genitalia |
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Cleft palate |
Palate |
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Enamel hypoplasia and slaining |
Teeth |
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Microphilhalmia, catarsis, glaucoma |
Eyes |
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Lower-set malformed ears and deafness |
Ears |
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Cleft lip |
Upper lip |
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Amelia/Meromelia |
Lower limb |
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Amelia/Meromelia |
Upper limb |
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Tuncus Arteriosus, Atrial septal defect, Ventral septal defect |
Heart |
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Mental tube defects Mental retardation |
CNS |
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