Alcohol abuse
Tobacco smoking
Exposure to radiation
Tylosis (hyperkeratosis of palms & soles )
Achalasia
Chronic lye stricture
Head & neck squamous cell carcinoma
Celiac sprue
Plummer-vinson syndrome (anemia, dysphagia)
Esophageal diverticuli
Ingestion of nitrosamines
Barrett's esophagus (adenocarcinoma )
Complication of chronic gastroesophageal reflux